1. Ch 10 - Urban America 1865-1896

3.  By 1900 all Europeans were Southern & Eastern (Many were Jewish)  America had many Jobs & few restrictions  Many came to avoid military service  Religious Persecution (Poland & Russia)

4. Push Factors:  Farm poverty & worker uncertainty  Wars & military service  Political Tyranny  Religious Oppression Pull Factors: Lots of land & work Higher standard of living Democratic country Social advancement

5.  Came in Steerage (cheapest way)  Landed at Ellis Island (NY Harbor)  Endure a medical inspection  Some passed others failed the inspection

6.  Many Immigrants stuck together & formed their own communities  Little Italy (NYC)  Many needed to learn English and adopt the U.S. culture to adjust quickly  Many came made money than returned home

7.  They started coming over in 1848 due to Gold in CA but also they came b/c China was experiencing:  Unemployment, poverty, famine  Taiping Rebellion (20 million deaths) many fled  Jobs: Worked on railroads, servants

8.  People who DISLIKED immigrants and wanted tougher immigration laws (haters)  WHY you may ask:  To many Catholics would give the Catholic church to much power   Labor Unions opposed them b/c they would work for low wages & as strikebreakers   Henry Bowers Formed the American Protective Association in 1887 to stop Catholic immigration

9.  Dennis Kearney in the 1870’s formed the Workingman’s Party in CA - reacted to the Chinese with racial violence & made their opposition a national issue

10.  Immigration Law of 1882 – banned convicts, paupers, mentally disabled, also a 50% tax on newcomers  Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – no Chinese for 10 yrs & not Chinese could become a citizen if you were already in the country what in the world....hello the 14 th amendment !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  They fought back but you know....

11.  Population by 1900 (30 million)  Many rose from the working class to the middle class through hard work and determination  Many people in the social class could rise in society

12.  Better paying jobs  Bright lights  Running Water  Indoor plumbing  Museums, Libraries, theaters

13.  Tall Steel Buildings  Home Insurance building in Chicago, IL 1 st skyscraper (10 stories)  NYC had more than any other city in the world why?  Louis Sullivan – designed these buildings (simple lines & spacious windows)

14.  San Francisco, CA – 1 st cable cars 1873  1887 Frank J Sprague dev. The electric trolley  Boston, MA built the first Subway in 1900

15.  High Society: Lived in very big expensive houses (lived in different parts of town

16.  Middle Class: Doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, teachers lived in the (streetcar suburbs)

17.  Working Class AKA Poor People: lived in Tenement Houses (dark & crowded), poor ventilation  7-8 Stories High  Air shafts prov. Little clean air  1 toilet per floor  Many people try to work there way up & out of them

18.  Hmmm well...  Crime, Fire, disease, pollution  1880-1890 Murder rate jumped 25%  Immigrants got blamed (of Course)  Alcohol also was to blame

19.  Jacob Riis-Danish Immigrant documented slum life in his book “How the Other Half Lives” – saloons were to blame for everything (famous photographer)

20.  Political Machines - informal political group designed to gain & keep power  Party Bosses – people who ran these machines offered to meet peoples “needs” in exchange for votes  George Plunkitt – NYC biggest party boss

21.  Party Bosses who ran political machines also controlled the finances  (Many grew rich by this method) Graft – getting money through questionable or dishonest means  Corrupt bosses might sale permits to friends to operate public utilities (railroads, waterworks, power systems)

22.  Tammany Hall (NYC Democratic Political Machine Plunkitt worked for was the most famous  1860’s-1870’s  1874 Tweed was arrested and sent to Jail  Despite corruption political machines did provide necessary services & helped assimilate immigrants

23. This era was in many ways a time of marvels. – Inventions led to rapid industrial growth. Cities grew large. The Gilded Age – Name taken from a book written by Mark Twain and William Sumner. – Something is gilded if it is covered with gold on the outside but made of cheaper material inside. – The Gilded Age might appear to sparkle, but beneath the surface as corruption, poverty, and crime, & gap between the rich and poor.

24.  The Idea of Individualism  One can overcome anything.  A very strong belief in the Gilded Age  Horatio Alger  Wrote rags to riches novels  Showed poor people going to the city and becoming sucessful.

26. Herbert Spencer first proposed the idea Herbert Spencer – Applied Charles Darwin’s theory to society. – Natural selection. The species that cannot adapt to a situation will die out and those who can adapt will thrive. – “Survival of the fittest.” – Many Christians rejected this b/c it contradicted their belief in creationism Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth – Argued that wealthy Americans had a responsibility to give back. Engage in Philanthropy – use wealth to further social progress.

28.  Realism – attempting to portray people realistically rather than ideally.  Realism in Art  Began to paint people as they really were.  Realism in Literature  Tried to capture the world as they really saw it. ▪ Mark Twain – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ▪ William Dean Howells, Henry James, Edith Wharton – all realist authors

30. Industrialization improved the standard of living for many = spend money on entertainment and recreation. The Saloon – Major place for male workers Amusement Parks and Sports – Coney Island – Amusement Park – Boxing, Baseball, Football – Basketball invented in 1891. Vaudeville and Ragtime – Vaudeville – type of entertainment that involved animal acts, acrobats, gymnasts, and dancers – Ragtime – music – Scot Joplin – famous ragtime music player “The Maple Leaf Rag”

32. How should one address societies problems? – Social Darwinism? Government? Henry George on Progress and Poverty – Tax land, help the poor – Pushed for reform Reform Darwinism – Lester Frank Ward published Dynamic Sociology Argued that human success did not come from competition but cooperation Felt the Government could do more to help societies problems Looking Backward – Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward, 2,000-1887 A guy falls asleep to wake up in the year 2,000 and a perfect American Utopia Government owns all of the industry and shares the wealth with all Americans Very much like socialism

33.  Naturalism – new style of writing  Social Darwinists argued that everyone had control of their lives. Make choices to improve or worsen one’s life  Naturalists argued that people failed in life because they were caught up in circumstances that were out of their control.

34.  Reform gave birth to  The Social Gospel Movement, Salvation Army, YMCA, Women’s clubs, settlement houses, and temperance movements  Social Gospel – worked to better cities according to biblical teachings of charity and justice  The Salvation Army and the YMCA  Salvation Army – offered practical and religious counseling to the poor  YMCA – Young Men’s Christian Association – helped by organizing bible studies, prayer meetings, citizenship training and group activities

35.  Revivalism and Dwight L. Moody  Wanted to help the poor by redeeming their souls and reforming their character  The Settlement House Movement  Improve the living conditions of the poor. Jane Addams and settlement houses.  Hull House in Chicago – inspired other such houses. Provided medical care, recreation programs and English classes, hot lunches to factory workers. Their efforts helped shape the Social Work Profession.

37. Industrialization and Urbanization called for more trained and educated individuals The Spread of Schools – 1860 – 6.5 million attended schools. 1900 17.3 million attended schools – Americanization – public schools helped to assimilate immigrant children. Taught English, American History, and responsibilities of citizenship. Tried to instill discipline, a strong work ethic, and values considered important to America’s progress. Violated immigrants cultural heritage African Americans started their own schools. Leader of this movement was Booker T. Washington who founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881

38. Education for the Work Place – timely attendance, neatness and efficiency – Important attributes in the workplace Expanding higher education – Federal Land grants helped build colleges Public Libraries – Carnegie donated millions to build libraries. City dwellers could get some kind of education.