1. Renaissance Renaissance 1300-1600 During the late Middle Ages, Europe suffered from both war and plague. Those who survived wanted to celebrate life and human spirit.

2. Renaissance –Renaissance: a period of European history, lasting from 1300- 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning and views of the world Literally means “Rebirth” Literally means “Rebirth” A revival of art and learning A revival of art and learning Wanted to bring back to life the culture of Classical Greece and Rome Wanted to bring back to life the culture of Classical Greece and Rome Life is seen more with self-respect. It begins to be seen more then a pit-stop on the way to heaven Life is seen more with self-respect. It begins to be seen more then a pit-stop on the way to heaven Italy: birthplace of the Renaissance Italy: birthplace of the Renaissance

3. Italy’s Advantages Started in northern Italy Started in northern Italy Crusades spur trade Crusades spur trade Scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453 Scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453 –Artists, scholars study ruins of Rome and Latin; Greek manuscripts Growth of city-states in northern Italy Growth of city-states in northern Italy In 1300s bubonic plague kills 60% of population and disrupts economy In 1300s bubonic plague kills 60% of population and disrupts economy

4. Merchants and the Medici A wealthy merchant class develops in Italy A wealthy merchant class develops in Italy –Very politically involved More emphasis on individual achievement More emphasis on individual achievement –No longer inherit power Banking family, the Medici, controls Florence Banking family, the Medici, controls Florence –Cosimo de Medici wealthiest European of his time  1434 won control of Florence’s government not because he sought political office but because he influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans.

5. Classics Lead to Humanism Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements –Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature, philosophy of Greeks and Romans –Moved away from trying to make everything agree to Christian teaching  Ex: art and literature were valued and encouraged Renaissance scholars looked down on art and literature of the Middle Ages Renaissance scholars looked down on art and literature of the Middle Ages

6. Secular(ism) Secular: concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters Secular: concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters Concerned with the here and now Concerned with the here and now –Renaissance society was secular - worldly  Ex: some church leaders lived in mansions and wore expensive clothes –Enjoy life without offending God –Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes

7. Patron A financial supporter of artists A financial supporter of artists Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Wealthy merchants and families also patrons Wealthy merchants and families also patrons –The wealthy Medici family in Florence, Italy is a prime example

8. Florence Under the Medici Medici Chapel Medici Chapel The Medici Palace

9. The Renaissance Man Excels in many fields of study: the classics, art, politics, combat Excels in many fields of study: the classics, art, politics, combat Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art. Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art. Baldassare Castigilone’s The Courtier (1528) Baldassare Castigilone’s The Courtier (1528) –Teaches how to become a “universal person”  Charming, witty, well educated in the classics, dance, sing, play music, write poetry, skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman

10. The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Expected to inspire art but not create it Expected to inspire art but not create it –Little influence in politics Isabella d-Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua Isabella d-Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua –Brought many artists to her court and built a famous art collection –When husband taken captive in war she defended Mantua and won his release.

11. The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art Artists use realistic style copied from classical art, often to portray religious subjects Artists use realistic style copied from classical art, often to portray religious subjects Painters use perspective Painters use perspective –Perspective: Artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface

12. Perspective Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! Perspective! Perspective! The Trinity Masaccio 1427 What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

13. Realistic Painting and Sculpture Realistic portraits of prominent citizens Realistic portraits of prominent citizens Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors –As well as other Greek and Roman subjects

14. Ancient Greece and Rome

15. Middle Ages Medieval artists used religious subjects to convey a spiritual ideal. Medieval artists used religious subjects to convey a spiritual ideal. Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but they used a realistic style copied from classical models. Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but they used a realistic style copied from classical models.

16. Leonardo Da Vinci The true Renaissance man The true Renaissance man –architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor, biologist, mathematician, musician, and painter Interested in how things worked Interested in how things worked –Studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranged in a leaf 1452 to 1519 1452 to 1519 Famous for realistic paintings Famous for realistic paintings –Mona Lisa –The Last Supper

17. Mona Lisa

18. Last Supper

21. Sketches

22. Michelangelo 1475-1564 1475-1564 Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet saw art as originating from inner inspiration and from culture saw art as originating from inner inspiration and from culture Most famous for the way he portrayed the human body in painting and sculpting Most famous for the way he portrayed the human body in painting and sculpting –Created figures that are forceful and show heroic grandeur

23. Sistine Chapel

26. David

28. Pieta

30. Last Judgment

32. The Virgin on the Rocks

33. Raphael 1483 to 1520 1483 to 1520 he studied the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo he studied the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Focus is in realistic art Focus is in realistic art –Portrayed expressions as gentle and calm Famous for his use of perspective Famous for his use of perspective Famous subject is Madonna and child Famous subject is Madonna and child Famous painting is the School of Athens Famous painting is the School of Athens

34. School of Athens

35. Marriage of the Virgin Vanishing point Horizon

36. Donatello Painter and sculptor Painter and sculptor Around 1430, Cosimo de' Medici, the foremost art patron of his era, commissioned from Donatello the bronze David for the court of his Palazzo Medici. Donatello's most famous work.

37. If You Missed It Heroes in a Half Shell…. TURTLE POWER! (Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael)

38. Machiavelli Wrote “The Prince” Wrote “The Prince” –Political guidebook that examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies Wrote in the vernacular Wrote in the vernacular To succeed in a wicked world, a leader must be as strong as a lion and as shrewd as a fox To succeed in a wicked world, a leader must be as strong as a lion and as shrewd as a fox Leaders must sometimes mislead people for the good of the state Leaders must sometimes mislead people for the good of the state –Not concerned with what’s morally right but with what was politically effective

39. Machiavelli As a historical and political thinker, Machiavelli suggested that in order for a prince to accomplish great things, he must be crafty enough to not only overcome the suspicions but also gain the trust of others. As a historical and political thinker, Machiavelli suggested that in order for a prince to accomplish great things, he must be crafty enough to not only overcome the suspicions but also gain the trust of others.

40. One is considered Machiavellian if they use deceitful action for one’s own advantage What do you think of the quote “the end justifies the means”

41. New Trends in Writing Writers use the vernacular – their native language Writers use the vernacular – their native language Self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subject Self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subject

42. Petrarch Francesco Petrach Francesco Petrach –Humanist  One of earliest and most influential  Father of Humanism –Poet = wrote in Latin and Italian  Woman named Laura is his muse

43. Renaissance Ideas Spread Spirit of Renaissance Italy impress visitors from northern Europe Spirit of Renaissance Italy impress visitors from northern Europe When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities grow rapidly When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities grow rapidly Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artists Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artists England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patrons England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patrons Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism Humanists interested in social reform based on Judeo- Christian values Humanists interested in social reform based on Judeo- Christian values

44. Christian Humanism Advocated the study of classical languages in order to better understand what the classical authors truly intended the scriptures to say Advocated the study of classical languages in order to better understand what the classical authors truly intended the scriptures to say –Northern Humanists criticize the Catholic church, start Christian Humanism –Want to reform society and promote education, particularly for women Thomas More and Erasmus Thomas More and Erasmus –Best known Christian humanists

45. Desiderius Erasmus of Holland Best known Christian Humanist Best known Christian Humanist His book, The Praise of Folly, pokes fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests His book, The Praise of Folly, pokes fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests Believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers. Believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers. –He thought in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible.

46. Thomas More of England Christian Humanist Christian Humanist Created a model society in his book Utopia Created a model society in his book Utopia –Utopia: An imaginary land that is an ideal place  where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out.

47. Jan Van Eyck Born in Belgium Born in Belgium 1385 to 1441 1385 to 1441 Famous for his oil paintings and focus on daily life of subjects Famous for his oil paintings and focus on daily life of subjects Paintings are realistic and reveal a subject’s personality Paintings are realistic and reveal a subject’s personality

48. Madonna of Chancellor Rolin

49. Peasant Wedding

50. The Elizabethan Age Renaissance spreads to England in mid-1500s Renaissance spreads to England in mid-1500s Period known as the Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth I Period known as the Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth I She reigns from 1558 to 1603 She reigns from 1558 to 1603 As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature. As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature.

51. Shakespeare- the greatest writer Often regarded as the greatest playwright Often regarded as the greatest playwright –Wrote Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, and Taming of the Shrew –Also wrote countless poetry Revered classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots. Revered classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots. 1554 to 1615 in England 1554 to 1615 in England Plays performed at Globe Theater in London Plays performed at Globe Theater in London

52. Gutenberg Press Chinese first invented block printing (printer carved words/letters on a wooden block, inked that block, and then used it to print on paper) Chinese first invented block printing (printer carved words/letters on a wooden block, inked that block, and then used it to print on paper) Around 1045 China invented movable type Around 1045 China invented movable type –Uses a separate piece of type for each character –Chinese writing system contains thousands of different characters so most Chinese printers found moveable type impractical. Europeans found it practical for their languages since they have a very small number of letters in their alphabet. Europeans found it practical for their languages since they have a very small number of letters in their alphabet. 13 th century block printing reach Europe from China. 13 th century block printing reach Europe from China. European printers used block printing to create whole pages to bind into books but process too slow for Renaissance’s demand for knowledge, information, and books. European printers used block printing to create whole pages to bind into books but process too slow for Renaissance’s demand for knowledge, information, and books.

53. Gutenberg Press Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops printing press. Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops printing press. Printing press made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply so many people could now buy them due to their cheap production costs. Printing press made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply so many people could now buy them due to their cheap production costs.

54. Gutenberg Press Books now could become cheap enough to produce hundreds of copies Books now could become cheap enough to produce hundreds of copies European society experienced a huge growth in literacy European society experienced a huge growth in literacy Considered one of the most important inventions in human history Considered one of the most important inventions in human history First book printed was Gutenberg Bible (1455) First book printed was Gutenberg Bible (1455)

55. Legacy of Renaissance Changes in the Arts Changes in the Arts –Art influenced by classical Greece and Rome –Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways –Artists created secular and religious works –Writers began using the vernacular –Arts praised individual achievement

56. Legacy of Renaissance Changes in Society Changes in Society –Printing made more information available (like the internet in our times)  Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them –People began to question political structures and religious practices –Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries –A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and arise in literacy throughout Europe –Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to people –Christian humanists’ attempt to reform society changed views about how life should be lived.