1. Mutations Mutations: change in the genetic material …. Now and again cells make mistakes in copying DNA

2. 2 types of Mutations Gene mutations Chromosomal mutations

3. Gene Mutations Occur on a single gene TAC GCA TGG AAT Code is read in 3 base codons Thefatcatandratran- say?

4. 3 types of gene mutations Point Mutations occur at 1 spot TAC GCA TGG AAT – original Substitution? Insertion? Deletion ?

5. TAC GCA TGG AAT – original Substitution – TAC GGA TGG AAT Insertion –TAC GGC ATG GAA T Deletion –TAC GAT GGA AT

6. Which are the 2 worst kinds of gene mutations? Why? THE FAT CAT RAN – original Substitution – THH FAT CAT RAN Insertion –THE FAA TCA TRA N Deletion –HEF ATC ATR AN

7. Which are the 2 worst kinds of gene mutations? Why? Changes message which changes the amino acid that is made- wrong protein made … FRAMESHIFT categoryPOINT Category insertionsubstitution deletion

8. Chromosomal Mutations Changes in the … –Number of chromosomes Down’s Syndrome –Or structure of chromosome Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

10. Deletion- 1 section is deleted Duplication- 1 section is doubled Inversion- 1 section is reversed Translocation -part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

11. Mutations are good, bad or neutral Neutral Bad: cause dramatic changes in protein structure… body cannot function properly Good.. Can create variability in species, can be beneficial, if environment –Ex- AIDS resistant gene –Polyploidy (extra chromosomes) Banana and citrus fruits are larger and stronger