1. Go to Section: Are All Cells Alike? All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells. 1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism? 2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells? Section 7-1 Interest Grabber

2. Go to Section: 7–1Life Is Cellular A. The Discovery of the Cell 1.Early Microscopes 2.The Cell Theory B. Exploring the Cell C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 1.Prokaryotes 2.Eukaryotes Section 7-1 Section Outline

3. Go to Section: The Cell Theory 1.All living things are composed of cells. 2.Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

4. Go to Section: Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes The nucleus is a large membrane-closed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA). Prokaryotes are cells that do not have a nucleus. In prokaryotes, the genetic material (DNA) is not in a nucleus. Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus in which their genetic material (DNA) is separated from the rest of the cell.

5. Go to Section: Prokaryotic Cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Organelles Eukaryotic Cell Section 7-1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

6. Go to Section: Division of Labor A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a computer work together to carry out different functions. Working with a partner, answer the following questions. 1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts? 2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts? Section 7-2 Interest Grabber

7. Go to Section: 7–2Eukaryotic Cell Structure A.Comparing the Cell to a Factory B.Nucleus C.Ribosomes D.Endoplasmic Reticulum E.Golgi Apparatus F.Lysosomes G.Vacuoles H.Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 1.Mitochondria 2.Chloroplasts 3.Organelle DNA I.Cytoskeleton Section 7-2 Section Outline

8. Go to Section: Nucleus The nucleus controls most cell processes & contains the hereditary information of DNA. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelop is covered w/ nuclear pores, which allow materials to enter/leave the nucleus.

9. Go to Section: Nucleus continued The stringy stuff in the nucleus is called chromatin, which DNA bound to protein. Chromatin will condense to from chromosomes when a cell divides. The nucleolus is where ribosomes are produced. Ribosomes small particles of RNA & protein. Proteins are made on ribosomes.

10. Go to Section: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The ER is the site where lipid parts of the cell membrane are made, along w/ proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. Rough ER = ER w/ ribosomes Smooth ER = ER w/o ribosomes

11. Go to Section: Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, & packages proteins & other materials from the ER and sends them to storage inside the cell or exports them out of the cell.

12. Go to Section: Mitochondria Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are easier for the cell to use in a process called cellular respiration.

13. Go to Section: Chloroplast Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight & convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

14. Go to Section: Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is made up of proteins that help the cell maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton also helps in cell movement.

15. Go to Section: Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion Section 7-2 Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton

16. Go to Section: ProkaryotesEukaryotes Cell membrane Contain DNA Ribosomes Nucleus, ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Animal CellsPlant Cells Centrioles Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus, ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Section 7-2 Venn Diagrams

17. Go to Section: Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth ER Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

18. Go to Section: Animal Cell Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

19. Go to Section: In or Out? How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane? Read on to find out. 1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen? 2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen? 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out of a cell? Section 7-3 Interest Grabber

20. Go to Section: 7–3 Cell Boundaries A.Cell Membrane B.Cell Walls C.Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries 1.Measuring Concentration 2.Diffusion D.Osmosis 1.How Osmosis Works 2.Osmotic Pressure E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Active Transport 1.Molecular Transport 2.Endocytosis and Exocytosis Section 7-3 Section Outline

21. Go to Section: Cell Membrane The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer which is flexible and provides a strong barrier between the inside of the cell and the cell’s environment.

22. Go to Section: Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Section 7-3 Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane

23. Go to Section: Cell Membrane The cell membrane also has proteins within them. These act as gates for bigger molecules to pass through. The cell membrane also has carbohydrates attached to them that act as chemical signals between cells.

24. Go to Section: Diffusion In a solution, particles are moving constantly. They collide into each other and move randomly. These particles tend to move from areas of more/high concentration to area of less/low concentration. This is known as diffusion. Eventually, the concentration of the solute will be the same through the system and this is known as equilibrium.

25. Go to Section: Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

26. Go to Section: Facilitated Diffusion Molecules that might normally be too large or charged to pass freely through the cell membrane need help to get through. This help comes in the form of protein channels that allow these molecules to pass from one side of the cell membrane to the other. The protein facilitates (helps) the diffusion of the molecule across the membrane.

27. Go to Section: High Concentration Low Concentration Cell Membrane Glucose molecules Protein channel Section 7-3 Facilitated Diffusion

28. Go to Section: Active Transport Sometimes a cell needs to move materials across the cell membrane against the concentration difference or from low to high concentration. However, energy is needed for this to happen. Active transport is the process where materials are moved across the cell membrane from lower to higher concentrations w/ the help of protein channels and energy.

29. Go to Section: Molecule to be carried Molecule being carried Energy Section 7-3 Figure 7-19 Active Transport

30. Go to Section: Endocytosis is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, forming a vesicle. PhagocytosisPhagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed Pinocytosis is when the external fluid is engulfed. ExocytosisExocytosis is the term applied when transport is out of the cell.

31. Go to Section: From Simple to More Complex Many multicellular organisms have structures called organs that have a specific function and work with other organs. Working together, these organs carry out the life processes of the entire organism. Section 7-4 Interest Grabber

32. Go to Section: 1. Some activities cannot be performed by only one person, but need a team of people. What type of activity requires a team of people to work together in order to complete a task? 2. What do you think are some characteristics of a successful team? 3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a successful team? Section 7-4 Interest Grabber continued

33. Go to Section: 7–4The Diversity of Cellular Life A.Unicellular Organisms B.Multicellular Organisms 1.Specialized Animal Cells 2.Specialized Plant Cells C.Levels of Organization 1.Tissues 2.Organs 3.Organ Systems Section 7-4 Section Outline

34. Go to Section: Muscle cellSmooth muscle tissueStomachDigestive system Section 7-4 Levels of Organization

35. Video Contents Videos Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Endocytosis and Exocytosis

36. Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1 Diffusion

37. Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2 Osmosis

38. Video 3 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3 Passive Transport

39. Video 4 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4 Active Transport

40. Video 5 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 5 Endocytosis and Exocytosis

41. Internet The latest discoveries in cell study Cell structure activity Career links on histotechnologists Interactive test Articles on cells For links on cell theory, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3071.www.SciLinks.org For links on cell membranes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3073.www.SciLinks.org Go Online

42. Section 1 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism? A one-celled organism has simpler needs and can respond immediately to its environment because its entire cell is immersed in its environment. 2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells? In a multicellular organism, different jobs are divided among different groups of cells that work together. Also, a multicellular organism can continue to survive even if it loses some of its cells.

43. Section 2 Answers Interest Grabber Answers Working with a partner, answer the following questions. 1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts? Answers may include: monitor (interfaces with the computer’s environment), software (instructions for how to carry out different jobs), CPU (directs the computer's activities), recycle bin or trash can (storage area for wastes), and so on. 2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts? Students should try to link the functions they described in question 1 to the functions of the different cell structures. The cell needs a way to interface with its environment (cell membrane), instructions for carrying out different jobs (DNA), and a CPU to direct the cell’s activities (nucleus).

44. Section 3 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen? Answers may include air, fine dust, and rainwater. 2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen? Insects, leaves, and other matter that may fall from trees. The screen keeps out annoying insects and objects that may bring dirt into the home. 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out of a cell? Materials such as oxygen and food that are needed by the cell have to be able to get inside the cell. At the same time, excess materials have to leave the cell.

45. Section 4 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1. Some activities cannot be performed by only one person, but need a team of people. What type of activity requires a team of people to work together in order to complete a task? Answers might include building a human pyramid or constructing an arch out of blocks. 2. What do you think are some characteristics of a successful team? Divide up jobs and cooperate well with one another. 3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a successful team? The functions of the organism are divided up among its parts (organs and organ systems). All the parts cooperate to carry out all the functions of the whole organism.

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