1. Classification of Organisms

2. ► The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships is called taxonomy  Taxonomy is the work involved in the original description of a species.

3. Linnaeus ► Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), a Swedish physician and botanist ► Sought to classify life′s diversity “for the greater glory of God.” ► Binomial Nomenclature: two-part Latin name of a species ► any grouping of animals that shares a particular set of characteristics forms an assemblage called a taxon

4. Modern taxonomists use 7 taxa: ► kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species  as taxa increase organisms get more specific

5. Binomial Nomenclature: ► When a species is talked about only the genus and species names are used  this is called the scientific name  unique to each type of organism

6. Writing Scientific Names ► the genus names is always capitalized ► both names are either italicized or underlined  leave a space in the underline between names ex. Homo sapien Felis leo

7. Kingdoms of Life ► In 1969, Robert H. Whitaker classified kingdoms based on cellular organization and mode of nutrition  this lead to the formation of the 5 kingdoms

8. 5 Kingdoms of Classification: Monera: comprised of bacteria and cyanobacteria ► distinguished by being single cell prokaryotes Protista: comprised of Amoeba, Paramecium etc…. ► distinguished by being single celled eukaryotes Plantae: multi-cellular photosynthetic eukaryotes ► plants have cell walls and are non-motile

9. 5 Kingdoms of Classification: Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes ► fungi have cell walls and usually non-motile ► digest organic matter extra-cellularly (outside of cell) and absorb the breakdown products Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes ► animal cells lack a cell wall and usually motile ► feed by ingesting other organisms or parts of other organisms

10. DOMAINS??? ► Many taxonomists have pushed the idea that the five kingdom system isn’t enough  they feel that organisms share too much similarities and need to be grouped otherwise ► the push has led to the addition of 3 domains

11. 3 Domains 1. Archae: bacteria that live in extreme conditions 2. Eubacteria: “true bacteria” 3. Eukarya: all eukaryotic organisms

12. Modern Taxonomic System

13. Dichotomous Key ► Scientist use dichotomous key in order to correctly identify living and non-living things.

14. Dichotomous Key Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

15. Dichotomous Key

16. Linking Classification and Phylogeny ► Systematists use branching diagrams called phylogenetic trees to depict their hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.

17. Linking Classification and Phylogeny ► Ancestral Characteristics – a characteristic that evolved from a common ancestor  Backbone that is present in birds and alligators ► Derived Characteristic - characteristic that evolves in one group but not another.  Feathers in birds but not in other mammals

18. Clades and Cladograms ► Cladogram - A diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species.

19. Valid Clades Monophyletic- Pertaining to a grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants; a clade Paraphyletic- Pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants. Polyphyletic- Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms.