1. The Immune System and Immunity Biology EOC Review Webinar SC.912.L.14.52

2.  SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (Level 2: Moderate Complexity)  SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.

3. BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.52 Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems (40% of exam) Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms Benchmark SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (Also assesses SC.912.L.14.6) Also AssessesSC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health. Benchmark ClarificationsStudents will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses. Students will describe the basic functions of vaccines and/or antibiotics. Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public health. Content Limits Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding. Items assessing the mode of action of antibiotics are limited to a conceptual understanding and will not require knowledge regarding a specific antibiotic Stimulus Attribute Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course. Response Attributes None specified Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.6, SC.6.E.7.8, SC.8.N.4.1, and SC.8.N.4.2.

4.  The immune system / immunity is complex and difficult for students to understand. Take particular care in clarifying the many terms that students encounter on this benchmark. Make sure students understand the distinction between the following pairs of terms:  Leukocytes and lymphocytes  Antigen, antibody, allergen and pathogen  B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte  Cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell  Misconception regarding vaccines and how they work  Misconception about antibiotics and their over usage  A fever is a sign of weak immune system  Stress doesn’t affect the immune system  Your immune system doesn’t age

5. Bell ringer / Engage Osmosis Jones Vaccine Clip

6.  The Immune System is a body system that fights infection & prevents illnesses  Immunity:  the ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)

7.  1 st Line: Barriers  Broad, external defense ▪ “Walls and Moats” ▪ skin & mucus membranes  2 nd Line: Nonspecific patrol  Broad, non-specific, internal defense ▪ “Patrolling soldiers” ▪ phagocytes eating WBC’s  3 rd Line: Immune System  Specific, acquired immunity ▪ “Elite trained units” ▪ lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies ▪ B & T cells

8. Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells Non-specific defense External barriers skin –physically blocks pathogens mucus membranes- traps particles in nose and throat excretions sweat tears mucus stomach acids saliva (“lick your wounds”)

9. Inflammatory reaction  Four outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, & pain)  Histamine is released which cause capillaries to become enlarged  and more permeable (causes redness, swelling, pain) White Blood Cells Non-specific (macrophage) 2 nd Line of Defense -Non-specific

10.  Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein markers on surface (antigens) that activate the immune system to identify foreign to body Types of White Blood Cells - all made in the bone marrow - All called in after the non-specific WBCs  B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow) ▪ produce antibodies that combine with antigens and target particular pathogens – “tagging” ▪ Produce memory B cells  T lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland) ▪ directly destroy infected cells ex. cancer, viral infection ▪ produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells (“alarm” / “conductor”), and memory T cells

11. Figure 1. Helper T cells regulate both humoral and cellular immunity Figure 2. A cytotoxic T cell attacking a host cell that is expressing foreign antigens

13.  Active  Body creates an immune response after being exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine  Memory cells are produced so this immunity lasts (sometimes even a lifetime)  Passive  Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies provide a temporary immune response

14. Different pathogen cause common infectious diseases

15. Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body antibiotics cause pathogens to burst target on specific bacterium or fungus not effective against viruses antibiotic resistance issues Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by weakening its cell wall and causing it to burst. (colored TEM; magnification 55,000X

16. Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective. –Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics. –These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless. –For example: Drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) now in the news A bacterium carries genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid. A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation. Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.

17.  Vaccines also control pathogens and disease.  given to prevent illness  contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

18. Vaccination provides acquired immunity. –stimulates a specific immune response –allows immune system to respond quickly to infection –causes memory cells to be produced –has such a fast response, a person will not get sick A memory B cell is stimulated when the real pathogen binds to it. 2 The B cell quickly activates and makes antibodies that fight the pathogens before you get sick. 3 Antigens in a vaccine trigger an immune response, and memory B cells are made. 1 memory B cells

19.  Vaccines are not safe.  Vaccines don’t work.  Vaccines are linked to chronic diseases.  Vaccines weaken the immune system.  Vaccines contain toxic substances.

20.  Our body releases histamine which makes vessels leaky  Histamine causes the mucus membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid as a defense against pathogens  This produces cold-like symptoms  With anaphylactic shock, the capillaries become so permeable that blood pressure drops

21. ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGENS (Antigen) HEREDITARY

22.  Post-Quiz – moderate to high complexity questions – see materials (www.problem-attic.com)www.problem-attic.com  A Case Study Involving Influenza and the Influenza Vaccine  Escambia County Site for Additional Videos - http://ecsd- fl.schoolloop.com/l.14.52http://ecsd- fl.schoolloop.com/l.14.52  Additional activities:  Comprehensive Lesson Plan with Lab & Webquests (see materials)  Immune Response Interactive Game Immune Response Interactive Game  http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponses/game/index.html#/plot1 http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponses/game/index.html#/plot1  Antibodies Virtual Lab / Antibodies Virtual Lab /  Immune Response Animation  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_response.html

23.  http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-sante/medicine- medicament/misconception-eng.php http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-sante/medicine- medicament/misconception-eng.php  http://www.meditrenz.com/busting-myths-about-the-immune-system.html http://www.meditrenz.com/busting-myths-about-the-immune-system.html  http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/textbook/hiv/hiv_3.html http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/textbook/hiv/hiv_3.html  https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells  http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponses http://hig hered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_re sponse.html http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponses http://hig hered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_re sponse.html  www.paec.org www.paec.org  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html  /game/index.html#/plot1 /game/index.html#/plot1