1. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Fourth Edition Karen Timberlake 4.2 Nuclear Reactions Chapter 4 Nuclear Chemistry © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 2 Alpha Decay When a radioactive nucleus emits an alpha particle, a new nucleus forms that has  a mass number 4 less than that of the initial nucleus, and  an atomic number that has decreased by 2 from that of the initial nucleus.

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 3 In a completed nuclear equation,  the sum of the mass numbers of the unstable isotope and the products are equal, and  the sum of the atomic numbers of the unstable isotope and the products are equal. Sum of Mass Numbers Sum of Atomic Numbers Completing Nuclear Equations

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 4 Guide to Completing a Nuclear Equation

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 5 Equation for Alpha Decay Write an equation for the alpha decay of 222 Rn. Step 1 Write the incomplete equation. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus.

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 6 Equation for Alpha Decay Write an equation for the alpha decay of 222 Rn. Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation.

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 7 Beta Decay A beta particle  is an electron emitted from the nucleus.  forms when a neutron in the nucleus breaks down into a proton and an electron.

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 8 Step 1 Write the incomplete equation. 42 K (potassium-42), a beta emitter. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. Equation for a Beta Emitter

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 9 Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation. Equation for a Beta Emitter

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 10 Learning Check Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Co-60.

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 11 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Co-60. Step 1 Write the incomplete equation. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. Solution

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 12 Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Co-60. Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation. beta particle Solution

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 13 In positron emission,  a proton is converted to a neutron and a positron.  the mass number of the new nucleus is the same, but the atomic number decreases by 1. Positron Emission

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 14 In gamma radiation,  energy is emitted from an unstable nucleus, indicated by m following the mass number technetium-99m, and  the mass number and the atomic number of the new nucleus are for the same element. Gamma Radiation

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 15 Summary of Types of Radiation

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 16 Producing Radioactive Isotopes Radioactive isotopes are produced  when a stable nucleus is converted to a radioactive nucleus by bombarding it with a small particle.  in a process called transmutation.

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 17 Producing Radioactive Isotopes When nonradioactive B-10 is bombarded by an alpha particle, the products are radioactive N-13 and a neutron.

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 18 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 59 Co and emits an alpha particle? Learning Check

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 19 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 59 Co and emits an alpha particle? Step 1 Write the incomplete equation. Step 2 Determine the missing mass number. Step 3 Determine the missing atomic number. Step 4 Determine the symbol of the new nucleus. Solution

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 2 20 What radioactive isotope is produced when a neutron bombards 59 Co and emits an alpha particle? Step 5 Complete the nuclear equation. Solution