2. The Growth of the American Labor Movement APUSH

3. #1. HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPACT AMERICA’S CLASS STRUCTURE?

4. #1 It enhanced a sense of belonging to a “class” New Jobs ◦ Upper class: owned the factories ◦ Middle class: small businessmen; BUT also managers to run factories; doctors and lawyers ◦ Lower class (working class): factory workers; low wages New Products ◦ The poor’s lack of ability and the rich’s ability to get products enhanced their senses of class

5. #2. WHY DID THE LOWER (WORKING) CLASS GROW ALIENATED?

6. #2 Low wages Bad living conditions Boring jobs Scientific management – Workers HATED it Structured workplaces Dangerous workplaces

7. #3. MANAGEMENT VS. LABOR

8. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

9. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  Lockout  Blacklisting  Yellow-dog contracts  Court injunctions  Open shop  Boycotts  Sympathy demonstrations  Informational picketing  Closed shops  Organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

10. A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

11. #4. HOW DID THE WORKING CLASS PROTEST THE BAD CONDITION IT LIVED IN?

12. #4 The working class formed labor unions

13. #4A. National Labor Union Tried to unite all workers in the United States Won 8 hour day for federal government employees

14. #4B. Knights of Labor Terence Powderly Desired socialist society Included African-Americans & women (weakness) Divided on strikes Declined after Haymarket Riot (Chicago) in 1886

15. Knights of Labor

16. #4C. American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers Concentrated on wages and working conditions Craft workers: skilled, white males (strength) 2 million members by 1904

17. American Federation of Labor

18. #5. HOW DID MANAGEMENT RESPOND TO THE LABOR UNIONS?

19. #5 Lockouts Blacklists Yellow-dog Contracts Private Guards and State Militias Court Injunctions Promoted idea that unions were anarchist and un-American

20. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”… Pinkerton Agents

21. #6. WHO GENERALLY WON IN THE BATTLE BETWEEN LABOR UNIONS AND MANAGEMENT?

22. #6A. Great Railroad Strike (1877)

23. Great Railroad Strike of 1877

24. #6B. Haymarket Riot (1886)

25. Haymarket Martyrs

26. #6C. Homestead Strike (1892)

27. Pullman Cars Pullman Porter

28. #6D. Pullman Strike (1894)

29. #6C. Pullman Strike (1894)

30. #7. ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST LABOR UNIONS

31. Arguments Against Labor Unions Employer’s right to control own property and be free from what could impair the value of his capital Employees don’t have the right to take away employer’s power and control Unions encourage foreign labor Unions encourage non-union labor that will result in better pay and hours for these workers

32. Arguments Against Labor Unions Unions provide an opportunity for nonunion laborers to move up and advance Union strikes have caused too much violence and loss which are beginning to breed disunity Continued failure of strikes only proves that workers cannot control capital Workers if unhappy with conditions don’t have to continue working there

33. Arguments For Labor Unions Employers posses too much power and workers cannot make changes on their own… ◦ Retain high-priced lawyers ◦ Buy up local press ◦ Bribe judges for injunctions on strikes ◦ Lockouts ◦ Manipulate workers to sign nonunion contracts ◦ Blacklist troublemakers ◦ Hire thugs or scabs

34. Arguments For Labor Unions Workers have the right to work in safe, healthy conditions Workers shouldn’t have to give whole life to employers – what about inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness??? Workers have a right to earn wages comparable to the benefits their work gives their employer and that provide a sustainable life for their families

35. Arguments For Labor Unions National wealth obtained by the sacrifice of the masses is not healthy Haven’t trusts and monopolies themselves been created through a cooperative effort??? Unions have brought about safer working conditions, child labor laws, and reform within the workplace