1. Labor Unions

2. Working conditions Monotonous 12 – 16 hour shifts, 6 days a week Dangerous When workers were injured or too sick to work, they were fired

3. Child Labor Factory owners often hired children because: – Smaller – Cheaper – Easier to intimidate

10. Craft Unions vs. Trade Unions Craft Unions Only allowed highly skilled craftsmen to join Machinists, welders, electricians, etc. Trade Unions Designed for unskilled laborers General factory workers, construction workers, etc.

11. Union Tactics Strikes: workers walked off the job in protest Boycotts: encouraged the public to not buy goods from companies that would not negotiate with labor Collective bargaining: employees negotiate contracts as a group rather than as individuals Mediation: allowing a neutral third party to oversee negotiations Arbitration: allowing a neutral third party to hear both sides’ arguments and make a final, binding ruling Closed shops: agreement where employers could only hire union members, non-union workers were banned from the workplace

12. Employer Responses Yellow-dog contracts: contracts which forbade workers from joining unions Blacklists: known union sympathizers were fired Lockouts: closing of factories to punish workers for unionizing Scabs: replacement workers hired to replace strikers Injunctions: sought legal court orders that forbade strikes Strikebreakers: hired thugs used to violently attack union leaders, strikers

13. The Knights of Labor 1869 – 1949 Workers’ organization (NOT a labor union) Wanted: – 8-hour workday – Equal pay for women – Ban on child labor Never well-organized

14. The Haymarket Riot May 1886: Unions called for a day of general strike to promote the 8-hour workday Result: Knights of Labor lost popularity for being associated with anarchists

15. The Homestead Strike June-July, 1892 Steel workers at Andrew Carnegie’s mill in Homestead, PA demanded higher wages Carnegie responded by: – Locking out workers – High fences and guard towers – Hiring scabs

16. The Pullman Strike May 1894 Members of the American Railway Union refused to work on Pullman-built cars to show support for the strikers Pres. Grover Cleveland ordered US troops to enforce a court injunction, ending the strike of Pullman workers

17. Eugene V. Debs 1855 – 1926 Helped to form the American Railway Union Debs was sent to prison for failing to obey the court injunction ordering the end to the Pullman Strike While incarcerated, Debs became a socialist

18. Support for Unions damaged by: Marxists: believed that labor should own and operate factories communally (socialism) Anarchists: opposed all government, were willing to use violence to achieve their ends (essentially terrorists) Nativism: anti-immigration sentiments were fed by the number of immigrants who were Marxists, anarchists

19. Homestead Strike Timeline Where: Homestead, Pennsylvania Union: Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers Company: Carnegie Steel Company 1876: Amalgamated Association, union for iron and steel workers, forms. 1881: Carnegie put Frick in charge of the Homestead factory. 1882 and 1889: Amalgamated Association won two big strikes against the Carnegie Company. After 1889, the union became very powerful and organized. They had a very strong union contract. February 1892: Amalgamated Association asked for a wage increase. Frick responded with a wage decrease. June 29, 1892: The old contract expired without the two sides reaching an agreement. Frick locked the workers out of the plant, using a high fence topped with barbed wire. June 30, 1892: Workers decided to strike and they surrounded the plant to make sure that no strikebreakers would enter. July 6,1892: After the local sheriff was unable to control the strikers, Frick hired guards from the National Pinkerton Detective Agency to secure the factory so that strikebreakers could enter. The Pinkertons arrived by boat in the middle of the night, hoping to surround the factory unnoticed. The strikers knew they were coming. Shots were fired and people killed on both sides

20. Why Did the Homestead Strike Turn Violent? After reading the documents answer the following questions: 1. Summarize Goldman and Frick’s claims 2. How are Goldman and Frick’s claims about the Homestead strike different? 3. Whose claim is more believable? Why?

21. Discussion Questions – Why did the Homestead Strike turn violent? – What are the differences between Goldman’s account and Frick’s account? – Which account do you find more believable? Why? – Can we ever know what happened? – What other materials would you want to look at in order to try to figure out what happened at Homestead? Why Did the Homestead Strike Turn Violent?