1. Brief Response Evaluate the beginning of industrial cities as they grew from towns to heavily populated urban centers. Cite examples from the text. people kicked off rural farms by the enclosure movement sought work. Resources near villages and towns accelerated growth Factories near rivers created jobs and economies. Rivers also provided safer transportation. Improved roads and, later, railroads stimulated growth.

2. New Thinking for a New World p. 184

3. Why New Thinking? New Thinking and invention from the Age of Reason excited some of the upper class to produce a new, better way of life, which also increased their wealth. It also made it possible for a middle class of people to develop and enjoy that better standard of living. It became both a severe hardship to the lower class, but eventually raised their standard of living as well.

4. Economics Thomas Malthus: British economist concerned with population. –He wrote that the poor could/should never be helped because they were increasing faster than the food supply.

5. Jeremy Bentham: British economist and philosopher. Proponent of utilitarianism. –Believed in individual freedom, he felt freedom was vital to happiness. He felt that government should be involved in helping society periodically. His skeleton is on display in London…..skeleton

6. Utilitarianism: the idea that laws should provide for the “happiness” for the largest number of people (the greater good). Laws should be useful.

7. Socialism: believers felt that the rich had –grown too fast –neglected the effect on lower classes. They believed government should be used to force those with the wealth to support and care for the society’s needy and weak. – End poverty –End injustice Society (through the government) would own the “means of production”

8. Means of production: Economic goods and services that make manufacture and profit possible. The private owners controlled all the wealth for the nation EC 7 –farms, –factories, –transportation, –health –banks/finance/investment, –distribution (includes sales). –advertising/marketing

9. Robert Owen: British textile owner who set up a workers’ community around his factory in Scotland. In it….. EC 4 –Workers had homes or dormitories. –Workers had fewer working hours. –Workers bought clothes and necessities at the company store. –School for workers’ children. He also supported: EC 2 –Limits on child labor –Allowing labor unions to organize

10. Karl Marx: German philosopher. –Believed ideas like utilitarianism were idealistic fantasy. Worked with Friederich Engels on a new theory of government and economics, “scientific socialism”. –This was the root of communism (Marxism).

11. Communism: The popular term for Marxist socialism….. There is a class struggle for resources and wealth between the –bourgeoisie (haves) –and the working class (have nots).

12. Proletariat: the working-class (educated factory workers).

13. homework Begin class work:

14. Image, p. 185 Question: More money coming in from child labor

15. Standards Check, p. 185 Question: Government should not interfere in business because a free market eventually brings greater prosperity to everybody.

16. Thinking Critically, p. 186 Questions: 1 It appears that children at New Lanark attended classes instead of living in crowded, dirty conditions 2 Why? It addressed the problems of working-class people, for example, children got an education, to make a better future than their parents had. Why not? It depended on the generosity of the factory owners, most of whom were motivated by profits, not people’s welfare.

17. Standards Check, p. 187 Question: John Stuart Mill believed government should intervene to prevent harm to its citizens, such as abuse of workers.

18. Standards Check, p. 187 Question: Early socialists believed that….. All property and all means of production should be owned by the people as a whole.

19. Standards Check, p. 188 Question: The proletariat would overthrow capitalists through revolution, take control of the means of production, and create a classless society.

20. Standards Check, p. 188 Question Marx was wrong about international revolution, and by the 1990s, few communist countries remained.

21. Thinking critically, p. 189 Question 1a Rules to protect workers and consumers 1b To encourage new ideas and products

22. Brief Response What did Karl Marx mean in this quotation? “In a higher phase of communist society... only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” —Karl Marx