1. Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life
Organic Chemistry

3. Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO2 and a few others).

5. Organic Compounds Make up most of living organisms
Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements
4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds

7. Carbon can form various bonds

8. Organic Compounds
Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings
Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers)

9. Ring structured

10. Functional Groups
Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds.
These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups.
Elements include: H, O, S, N & P

11. Functional Groups -OH Hydroxyl group Found in alcohols E.g. Ethanol
Polar

12. Functional Groups -COOH Carboxyl group Found in acids Polar
E.g. Vinegar
- acetic acid CH3COOH

13. Functional Groups
Amino group
-NH2
Found in bases
E.g. Ammonia

14. Functional Groups -SH Sulfhydryl group
Often referred to as a thiol group
Found in Rubber
- Thiols smell like garlic and are often added to natural gas to provide a detectable smell.

15. Functional Groups
Phosphate group
-PO4
Found in ATP

16. Functional Groups Carbonyl group
If this group is at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde
If it is found in the middle, it is called a ketone

17. Functional Groups -COH Carbonyl group #1 The Aldehydes
E.g. Formaldehyde

18. Functional Groups
Carbonyl group #2
The Ketones
-CO-
E.g. acetone

19. Functional Groups TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
What functional groups are in this molecule?

20. Test Your Knowledge…
Name the functional groups

21. Test Your Knowledge… Name the functional groups Carbonyl group
(Ketone)
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Sulfhydryl group

22. Organic Compounds The 4 main types of organic macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

23. Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Anabolic Reactions
Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction)
The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H2O).
Energy absorbed

24. Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Catabolic Reactions
Hydrolysis Reactions
A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together.
A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another
Energy released

25. Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts.
They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction.
They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions.

26. Enzyme Action Example:

27. Isomers
Isomers are molecules that have the same formula, but a different physical structure.
Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are examples of isomers.

28. Isomers
Because of their differing arrangement of the atoms, they have different physical and chemical properties.
E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that. There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway.

29. Get ready for Carbohydrates!
End Part I
Get ready for Carbohydrates!

30. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, & O Main energy source for living things
Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities
Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches

31. Carbohydrates An important class of biomolecules
Makes up highest percentage of biomass than any other biomolecules
Compounds that have reactive aldehyde or ketone functional group
or multiple hydroxyl groups
Carbohydrate :
“Carbon” + “Hydrate” (In which the ratio of C : H : O is 1 : 2 : 1)
Empirical formula : (CHO)n
There are 3 major classes of Carbohydrate :
Monosaccharide,
Oligosaccharide and
polysaccharide
Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek)

32. Carbohydrates Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides
Examples:
glucose – in many plant and animal tissues, most common monosaccharide
fructose – in many fruits
galactose – component of milk

33. Carbohydrates
Large molecules of many monosaccharide are polysaccharides
Examples:
glycogen – animals use to store excess sugar
plant starch – plants use to store excess sugar
cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity & strength

35. Lipids Store more energy than CHOs because the chains are longer
Ex: Fats, oils, waxes
Won’t dissolve in water

36. Lipids
Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
Steroids are lipids that act as chemical messengers

37. Lipids Many lipids are made from a glycerol combined with fatty acids
If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is saturated
Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room temperature)
If any carbons have double or triple bonds, lipid is unsaturated
Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil (usually liquid at room temperature)

39. Proteins Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen
Formed from amino acids joined together
More than 20 amino acids can be joined in any order or number to make countless proteins (think of how many words can be made from 26 letters!)

40. Proteins
Chains are folded and twisted giving each protein a unique shape
Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain protein’s shape
Shape of protein is important to its function!

41. Proteins Provide structure Aid chemical activities in your body
Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin, muscles & bones
Aid chemical activities in your body
Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up rxns in your body
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help fight diseases

43. Nucleic Acids Contain C, H, O, N plus phosphorus
Formed by bonding of individual units called nucleotides
Nucleic Acid
nucleotide

44. Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary information
Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

46. Carbohydrates are Made Of:
C : H : O or CH2O
1 : 2 : 1
EX: C6H12O6 glucose-
most common monosaccharide
C12H22O11 = 2 C6H12O6 − H2O

47. What functional groups are in carbohydrates?

48. What functional groups are in carbohydrates?
Carbonyl
aldehyde or ketone
Hydroxyl

49. Names for Carbohydrates end in –ose
“Sugars”
Names for Carbohydrates end in –ose
Monomers: monosaccharides

50. Structural formula
Why would you choose one model over another?
Abbreviated structure
Space-filling model

51. Monomer of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
Simple sugar
-main use in body: fuel
EX: glucose – most common
galactose –milk sugar
fructose – fruit sugar

52. Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides-single sugars –the monomer of carbos
Disaccharides-double sugars
Polysaccharides-many sugars

53. Carbohydrate Rings Disaccharide Monosaccharide Single sugar
Double sugar

54. Disaccharides

55. Dehydration Synthesis of Carbohydrates
What is removed? From what functional group?

56. Glycosidic Bond: covalent bond joining monosaccharides gly- or glu- are prefixes for “sweet”

58. Polysaccharide: many sugars

59. Polysaccharides
macromolecules with a few to 1000 monosaccharides linked together

60. Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides: starch (from plants) and glycogen (from animals)
Structural Polysaccharides: chitin (in fungi cell walls and in exoskeleton of arthropods) and cellulose (in plant cell walls)

61. Starch Foods found in plants: Potatoes, wheat, corn, rice
Found in plant roots

62. Glycogen ANIMAL STORAGE storage form of glucose
Found in animal livers and
muscle cells
Foods: meats

63. Cellulose: plant cell walls stiff Us: good fiber
Glucose polymer

64. Chitin
Onion Cell Walls are of cellulose
Exoskeleton of insects, crabs

65. Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
cellulose
chitin
glucose
glycogen
sucrose
starch

66. Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
Cellulose P
Chitin P
Glucose M
Glycogen M
Sucrose D
Starch P