1. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. CHAPTER 41 Order Hymenoptera

2. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. A thread-waisted wasp, Ammophila sp. (Sphecidae), using a pebble to close its nest burrow.

3. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.1 Diversity of Hymenoptera

4. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.2 Lateral aspect of pterothorax of Apis mellifera, the honey bee.

5. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.3 Structural features of Hymenoptera

6. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.4 Postures of female wasps during oviposition. a, Ichneumonidae; b, Chalcididae.

7. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.5 Larvae of HymenopteraHymenoptera: a, eruciform larva of Symphyta (Diprionidae, Neodiprion lecontei); b, apodous larva of Apocrita (Apidae, Xylocopa virginica).

8. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.6 First-instar larvae of parasitoid Hymenoptera

9. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.7 a, Wings of Siricidae (Tremex); b, wings of Tenthredinidae (Tenthredo); c, wings of Argidae (Arge dulciana); d, wings of Xyelidae (Macroxylea ferruginea).

10. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 41.8 Taxonomic characters of Hymenoptera, Symphyta: a, b, dorsal aspects of pronota of Xiphydriidae and Anaxyelidae, respectively.