1. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Technology and Industrial Growth –End of Civil War marks major transformation in American Society 1800 – US largely an agrarian (agricultural) society (90% of population on farm)

2. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) –Transformation in American Society (cont.) 1830s-1860s – Territorial expansion/population growth (spurred by immigration) challenges country to improve technology/transportation & communication networks –Roads & Bridges, Canals, Steamboats, Railroads, Telegraph

3. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) –Transformation in American Society (cont.) Civil War – products needed to be made quickly/ efficiently –Factories employ new tools/methods of production –Food industry developed methods to process food and transport it long distances –Railroads expanded exponentially –Technological advances allow manufactured goods to be made cheaply/efficiently

4. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)

5. –Encouraging Industrial Growth Abundant Natural Resources –Edwin Drake successfully drills for crude oil in Titusville, PA in 1859 –By 1871, the entire industry producing 5.8 million barrels/year –Soon replaced whale oil for lighting/fuel because it was easy to produce/transport

6. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) –Encouraging Industrial Growth (Cont.) Government encouraged immigration to meet increasing demands for industrial labor

7. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)

8. Encouraging Industrial Growth (Cont.) –Capitalism End of Civil War meant investment funds to build war materials diverted to industrial purposes –Government Policies Gave railroad industry million of acres of land for promise to build a transcontinental system Set protective tariffs against foreign manufactured goods to encourage buying of US products Laissez faire policies allowed business to operate without government interference/regulation

9. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Innovation Drives the Nation –Rise of Industrialism Industrialism- movement from agriculture to manufacturing as the main source of economic growth –Before Civil War most manufacturing tied to agriculture »Cotton and wool to clothing »Hides to shoes/boots »Trees to ships/barrels/furniture –After Civil War increased funding and labor leads to manufacturing explosion (consumer goods, railroad, steam engine) –Heavy industry driven by steel, iron ore, coal, oil

10. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Rise of Industrialism (Cont.) –Thomas Alva Edison (1880) electric light bulb Cheap/efficient replacement for candles, oil lamps Produces other technology for production/distribution of electricity Edison receives over 1000 patents before death in 1931 Also invents phonograph, movie camera

11. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Electric Dynamo Phonograph Movie Camera Edison’s Menlo Park Laboratory Electric Dynamo

12. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Andrew Carnegie (1873) steel plant to produce railroad tracks –Bessemer converter and open-hearth steel making (50 percent less labor) –Combines all phases of steel production in one plant (smelting, refining, rolling, etc.) –Price of rails drop from $107/ton in 1870 to $32/ton in 1890 –Steel produced in the United States went from 77,000 tons in 1870 to over 10 million tons in 1900 (Carnegie controls 90%) –Drives rapid railroad expansion and other steel construction (Suspension bridges, skyscrapers)

13. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Technology Boom –Alexander Graham Bell (1876) telephone revolutionizes long- distance communication 1884 long distance service between New York and Boston By 1900, 1.3 million telephones in US

14. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Technology Boom (Cont.) –Elisha Otis (1861) steam elevator Electric elevator (1880s), escalator (1890s) –George Westinghouse - railroad airbrakes, AC Electric Generator –George Pullman - railroad sleeping cars, luxury passenger cars Otis Elevator AC Generator

15. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914)

16. Technology Boom (Cont.) –Isaac Merritt Singer (1853) - sewing machine Elijah Howe Machine (1844) Singer Machine (1853)

17. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) National Markets –Refrigerated railroad cars (1880s) end need to ship live animals to eastern markets Gustavus Swift- Chicago cattle dealer- processed/ packed meats Joseph Armour-Kansas City cattle dealer- begins meat-packing –Creates market for fresh fruit/vegetables from California and Florida

18. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) –National Businesses McCormick Harvesting Machine Company- farm machinery (International Harvester) Singer Sewing Machine Company- give access to cheap machines for home use F.W. Woolworth- five & ten-cent variety stores Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P)- first chain grocery stores John Wannamaker – Department Stores

19. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Aaron Montgomery Ward- first mail-order retailer

20. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Impact of Industrialization US Railroads (1887) Growth of US Railroads Miles of Track (approx.) 1850 – 9000 1860 - 30,000 1870 – 53,000 1880 – 93,000 1890 – 130,000 (65% west of Mississippi River)

21. The Triumph of Industry (1865-1914) Impact of Industrialization (Cont.) –Linking of World Markets By 1880s 50% of all world’s railroad tracks in the US Goods easily transported to ports for shipment Export of food, consumer goods, oil make US world economic power –Changes American Society Farms mechanize; less labor needed Many former farmers move families to urban areas looking for work Mass production leads to goods being available/abundant for all who could afford them