1. Energy and Chemical Reactions Ch. 2 Biology Ms. Haut

2. Chemical Reactions Reactants—the starting materials Chemical bonds are broken, atoms are reorganized and new bonds formed Products—the resulting material(s) –2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O Reactants → Products http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/matter/FG03_003.GIF

3. Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds between the outermost parts of atoms are formed or broken Involve changes in matter, the making of new materials with new properties, and energy changes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/8/8c/Wohler_synthesis.gif http://www.personal.kent.edu/~cearley/ChemWrld/bala nce/H2_O2.gif

4. Chemical Equations Show the kind of reactants and products and their relative amounts in the reaction 4 Al + 3 O 2 → 2 Al 2 O 3

5. Chemical Equations Because of the principle of the conservation of matter, an equation must be balanced. It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/matter/FG03_003.GIF

6. Energy in Reactions Energy is released when chemical bonds are broken Energy is absorbed when chemical bonds are formed. Because chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds, they involve changes in energy.

7. Energy Energy—the capacity to do work –Kinetic energy— energy of motion (heat) –Potential energy— stored capacity to perform work (chemical energy stored in chemical bonds) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Benjamin Cummings

8. Chemical Reactions Cells carry out thousands of chemical reactions –The sum of these reactions constitutes cellular metabolism Chemical reactions either store or release energy –Endergonic reactions—absorb and store energy in a reaction –Exergonic reactions—energy is released from reaction Metabolism = endergonic rxns + exergonic rxns

9. Energy in Reactions In order to stay alive, organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy. Because matter and energy are conserved in chemical reactions, every organism must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions. Plants get their energy from the sun. Animals get their energy from eating plants or other animals.

10. Energy in Reactions Chemical reactions that release energy do not always occur spontaneously. Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the activation energy.

11. Energy in Reactions Activation energy is a factor in whether the overall chemical reaction releases energy or absorbs energy.

12. Energy in Cells ATP is used to shuttle chemical energy within the cell ATP—energy-rich covalent bonds b/w outer 2 phosphate bonds

13. When ATP gives up its energy, it forms ADP and an energy shuttle, the phosphate group. Energy coupling—using energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions Copyright © 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Benjamin Cummings

14. Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue Enzyme—catalytic protein that speeds up the chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (end with –ase) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Benjamin Cummings

15. Energy Profile Copyright © 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Benjamin Cummings

16. Enzymes are substrate-specific—has unique 3-D shape which determines what the enzyme works on (substrate) The 3-D shape of the enzyme creates a “pocket” called the Active Site in which the substrate binds Active site has particular amino acid side-chains that match up with side-chains of substrate http://www.pickens.k12.sc.us/phsteachers/edmunds/Enzyme%20Active% 20Site.gif

17. ”Induced Fit Model” How an enzyme works The enzyme is unchanged and can repeat the process

18. Affecting Enzyme Function Biology Ms. Haut

19. Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions because they lower the energy of activation. Enzymes lower the energy of activation by forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

20. Enzyme Activity Enzyme activity is influenced by –temperature –salt concentration –pH –Presence of other molecules

21. Enzyme Activity A cell’s physical and chemical environment affects enzyme activity Each enzyme has optimal environmental conditions that favor the most active enzyme shape

22. Effects of Temperature Optimal temp. allows greatest number of molecular collisions without denaturing the enzyme  Reaction rate  when temperature   Kinetic energy increases and collisions increase  Beyond optimal temperature, reaction rate slows  Too high, agitation disrupts weak bonds of the tertiary structure of enzyme (enzyme unfolds)  Too low, collisions b/w substrate and active site don’t occur fast enough

23. Effects of pH Optimal pH range for most enzymes is pH 6 - 8  Beyond optimal pH, reaction rate slows  Too low (acidic) H + ions interact with amino acid side-chains and disrupt weak bonds of the tertiary structure of enzyme  Too high (basic) base interacts with H + ions on amino acid side-chains and disrupt weak bonds of the tertiary structure of enzyme

24. Effect of Amount of Substrate or Enzyme Increase Concentration of Substrate –More substrate available to make contact with enzyme –Speeds up reaction rate up to a point –Reaction rate decreases as substrate is converted into product Increase Concentration of Enzyme –More enzyme available to make contact with more substrate molecules –Speeds up reaction rate up to a point –Reaction rate decreases as substrate is converted into product

25. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

26. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known a a)reactants. b)enzymes. c)products. d)waste.

27. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical reactions always involve a)changes in energy. b)enzymes. c)catalysts. d)changes in the atomic number of the reactants.

28. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes The factor that prevents many energy- releasing reactions from occurring at relatively low temperatures is called a)catalytic energy. b)chemical bond energy. c)enzyme energy. d)activation energy.

29. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Which of the following statements is true? a)All proteins are enzymes. b)All catalysts are enzymes. c)All enzymes are catalysts. d)All catalysts are proteins.

30. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes What happens to an enzyme after the reaction it catalyzes has taken place? a)The enzyme is destroyed, and the cell must make another. b)The enzyme holds on to the product until another enzyme removes it. c)The enzyme is unchanged and ready to accept substrate molecules. d)The enzyme changes shape so it can accept a different kind of substrate.

31. Acknowledgements Unless otherwise noted, illustrations are credited to Prentice Hall and have been borrowed from Biology by Miller and Levine, © 2007. These images have been produced from the originals by permission of the publisher. These illustrations may not be reproduced in any format for any purpose without express written permission from the publisher. BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS 4th Edition, by Campbell, Reece, Mitchell, and Taylor, ©2003. These images have been produced from the originals by permission of the publisher. These illustrations may not be reproduced in any format for any purpose without express written permission from the publisher. BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS 4th Edition, by Campbell, Reece, Mitchell, and Taylor, ©2001. These images have been produced from the originals by permission of the publisher. These illustrations may not be reproduced in any format for any purpose without express written permission from the publisher.