1. Chapter 1 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

2. Description Psychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation

3. Description Case Study  observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals Is language uniquely human?

4. Description  Survey  technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people  usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people  False Consensus Effect  tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

5. Description  Population  all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study  Random Sample  a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

6. Description

7.  If marbles of two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count them

8. Description  Naturalistic Observation  observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

9. Correlation  Correlation Coefficient  a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other Correlation coefficient Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00) r = +.37

10. Correlation  Scatterplot  a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables  the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship  the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation  little scatter indicates high correlation  also called a scattergram or scatter diagram

11. Correlation Perfect positive correlation (+1.00) No relationship (0.00)Perfect negative correlation (-1.00) Scatterplots, showing patterns of correlations

12. Correlation Height and Temperament of 20 Men 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 80 63 61 79 74 69 62 75 77 60 64 76 71 66 73 70 63 71 68 70 75 66 60 90 60 42 60 81 39 48 69 72 57 63 75 30 57 84 39 Subject Height in Inches Temperament Subject Height in Inches Temperament

13. Correlation Scatterplot of Height and Temperament 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 Temperament scores Height in inches

14. Correlation Three Possible Cause-Effect Relationships (1) Low self-esteem Depression (2) Depression Low self-esteem Depression (3) Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause or and

15. Illusory Correlation  Illusory Correlation  the perception of a relationship where none exists ConceiveDo not conceive Adopt Do not adopt disconfirming evidence confirming evidence disconfirming evidence confirming evidence

16. Two Random Sequences  Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.