1. Dr. Martin T. Auer MTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Wastewater Treatment

2. The Clean Water Act ‘fishable-swimmable’ Total Maximum Daily Loads Technology-Based Standards Water Quality-Based Standards Discharge Permits (NPDES) yes no yes POTW Design

3. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (The Clean Water Act) Technology-based effluent limits Water quality-based effluent limits Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Add Clark In A Watershed – Everyone Lives Downstream

4. Receiving Water Impacts River DO Model Q = 8 C = 0, 250, 100

5. Michigan NPDES Permit

6. Treatment Plant Design Design Model C in = 250 k = 0.1 V = 0, 250, 750

7. Aluminum Forming Battery Manufacturing; Cement Manufacturing; Coil Coating & Can Making; Copper Forming; Dairy Products Processing; Electrical & Electronic Component Manufacturing; Electroplating & Metal Finishing; Explosives Manufacturing; Fruit & Vegetable Processing; Ferroalloy Manufacturing; Fertilizer Manufacturing; Glass Manufacturing; Gum & Wood Chemicals Manufacturing; Ink Formulating; Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing; Iron & Steel Manufacturing; Leather Tanning & Finishing; Meat Products Processing; Metal Molding & Casting; Mining Operations; Nonferrous Metals Processing; Organic Chemicals, Plastic & Synthetic Fibers Manufacturing; Paving & Roofing Materials Manufacturing; Soap & Detergent Manufacturing; Petroleum Refining; Pesticide Manufacturing; Porcelain Enameling; Pharmaceutical Manufacturing; Plastic Molding & Forming; Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing Timber Products Processing; Textile Mills Federally-Regulated Non-Domestic Sources http://www.socwa.com/indwaste.htm

8. Chemicals Designated as Priority Pollutants (126) AROCLOR 1254 (industrial product; banned) BENZENE (industrial product) BENZO(A)PYRENE (asphalt roofing manufacture) CADMIUM (heavy metal; electric/gas industries) CHLORDANE (pesticide; banned or restricted) CHROMIUM (heavy metal; widely used in industry) DDT (pesticide; banned or restricted) ENDRIN (pesticide; banned or restricted) MERCURY (heavy metal; electric/gas and chemical industries) PENTACHLOROPHENOL (industrial chemical – wood products) TOLUENE (widely used industrial chemical) TRICHLOROETHYLENE (industrial solvent, degreaser) http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-groups/one-list.tcl?short_list_name=pp

9. What’s in wastewater? Waste  human feces and urine  food from sinks  soaps and other cleaning agents  runoff from streets and lawns  industrial discharges

10. What’s in wastewater? Water  lots of it!  Urinal - 1 gallon per flush  Toilet - 4 gallons per flush  Shower - 20 gallons per use  Overall - 55 gal/person/day

11. It’s mostly water! There are about 500 parts of waste in every 1 million parts of wastewater; that’s 500 ppm. It’s like trying to find this class at a sold out Packers game! H2OH2O

12. So what’s the problem? P SNOT: it’s not a pretty picture!

13. Composition of Domestic Wastewater ConstituentInfluentEffluent Suspended Solids200-300 30 BOD 5 200-400 30 Ammonia Nitrogen 20-40 1-2 Phosphorus 7-10 1 Fecal Coliforms 10 4 -10 6 200 All concentrations are mg/L, except fecal coliforms which are colony forming units (cfu) per 100 mL.

14. Where does it go when you flush the toilet? This is really not something I’ve given a lot of thought to.

15. Collection Systems

16. Portage Lake Sewer System Hancock Houghton Franklin Sq. Super 8 MTU M&M Bldg. POTW P P G G G G P Surface; 30” 10’;36” Lake; 48” 20’; 48” Near Surface; 30”

17. Metcalf & Eddy Diurnal Variation in Wastewater Flow

18. Metcalf & Eddy Wet-Dry Variation in Wastewater Flow

19. Preliminary Treatment Overview (plant protection) Bar Rack or Screen or Comminutor Grit Chamber Flow Equalization from pumps or wet well to primary treatment

20. Preliminary Treatment: Bar Rack

21. Preliminary Treatment: Screen

22. Comminutor Preliminary Treatment: C

23. Preliminary Treatment: Grit Chamber

24. Grit Chamber – Design Stokes’ Law is used to calculate the settling velocity of a discrete particle. The velocity is proportional to particle size and density and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid, Grit particle – diameter = 0.2 mm S.G. = 1.9 Environmental inputs - g = 9.81 m/s 2  l = 998 kg/m 2  = 1.002x10 -3 N·s/m 2 Irish-borne mathematician George Gabriel Stokes 1819-1903

25. Grit Chamber – Design  InOut  The design parameter then is based on a critical velocity, i.e. that of the flow, h0h0 Where v p > v c, the target particle will be retained.

26. Grit Chamber – Design  InOut  vpvp The critical particle is defined as that particle will be captured prior to exiting the grit chamber. This particle, and all particles which settle more rapidly, will be retained. h0h0 Operating conditions – flow = 10 MGD flow = 35,000 m 3 /d depth, h 0 = 3m Where v p > v c, the target particle will be retained.

27. In summary, 1.Use Stokes’ Law to calculate the settling velocity of the target particle (v p ). 2.Realize that where the critical velocity (v c ) is less than v p, the target particle and all larger, more dense particles will be captured. 3.Set v c equal to v p and solve, for A, the minimum area required to capture the target particle. Grit Chamber – Design  InOut  vpvp vcvc

28. Metcalf & Eddy Wet-Dry Variation in Wastewater Flow

29. Preliminary Treatment: Flow Equalization The Henry Fork Wastewater Treatment Facility, Hickory, NC http://www.hickorync.gov/egov/docs/1222790452442.htm

30. Bar Rack or Screen or Comminutor Grit Chamber Flow Equalization from pumps or wet well to primary treatment Preliminary Treatment Overview (plant protection)

31. (Kiely, 1997) Primary Treatment (solids, sedimentation)

32. Primary Treatment – Design InOut vpvp The critical particle is defined as that particle will be captured prior to exiting the sedimentation tank. This particle, and all particles which settle more rapidly, will be retained. The critical settling velocity, v c, is that of the critical particle.

33. Primary Treatment – Design The design parameter for primary treatment is the surface overflow rate, which can be shown to be equivalent to the critical settling velocity, InOut

34. Primary Treatment – Design InOut V c, SOR v p1 The design objective then is to reduce v c (SOR) in order to capture the target particle. v p2 The steeper the slope, the higher the settling velocity

35. Primary Treatment – Design InOut vcvc v p2 v p1 This is accomplished by manipulating the tank residence time (  ) by changing the surface area (A), The steeper the slope, the higher the settling velocity

36. (Kiely, 1997) Primary Treatment – Design

37. Primary Treatment: Rectangular Clarifier

38. Primary Treatment – Circular Clarifier

39. Secondary Treatment (biological) Simple carbohydrates (a form of organic matter) are produced by plants through the process of photosynthesis. These are then converted to more complex carbohydrates and other forms of organic matter such as starches, fats and proteins. The sun’s energy, captured during photosynthesis, is stored in the chemical bonds of this organic matter. Organisms (from bacteria to humans) take up and metabolize organic matter to obtain the energy required to support life. In secondary or biological treatment, we utilize microorganisms to remove the dissolved and small particulate organic matter which would exert an oxygen demand if it were released to the environment. The waste (actually organic matter) is simply converted into another form (microorganisms) which can then be separated from the waste stream by settling yielding a clean effluent.

40. The Microbial Loop in Nature

41. The Microbial Loop in Secondary Treatment Vide o

42. Secondary Treatment: Trickling Filter

43. Secondary Treatment: Trickling Filter Media Image Source: Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf & Eddy

44. Secondary Treatment: Trickling Filter Design Hydraulic Load (W h ) 4-10 m 3  m -2  d -1 Organic Load 240-480 gBOD  m 3  d -1

45. Secondary Treatment: Rotating Biological Disks

46. Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge

47. Activated Sludge: aeration (mechanical)

48. Activated Sludge: aeration (diffuser)

49. Activated Sludge Design: microorganism growth rate In the aeration tank, microorganisms take up food (soluble and particulate BOD) and grow, converting waste to microorganisms. Since the concentration of microorganisms in the aeration take is held constant, the ‘growth’ must be removed or wasted. The rate of sludge wasting (dX/dt) divided by the mass of sludge in the aeration tank is equal to the microorganism growth rate,

50. Activated Sludge Design: relation to BOD concentration Growth Rate (  ) Food (BOD) As the steady state food concentration in the aeration tank increases, the growth rate increases.

51. High  Low  Activated Sludge Design: growth phases High BOD Poor settling Low BOD Good settling

52. Activated Sludge Design: solids retention time The solids retention time (SRT) or sludge age is defined as the average time that a microorganism spends in the aeration tank and is equal to the inverse of the growth rate, Thus, the longer the SRT, the lower the growth rate, the lower the effluent BOD and the better the settling characteristics of the sludge. The design should seek to operate toward the upper end of the range of SRT values (2-20 days) to achieve the best removal.

53. Activated Sludge Design: food:microorganism ratio The solids retention time or sludge age varies with the rate at which the microorganisms are fed, i.e. the food:microorganism ratio, Low F/M ratios equate to high SRTs and generate the desired effluent characteristics (low BOD, good settling). Since S 0 and Q 0 are fixed and X must be maintained between some bounds, the design parameter becomes V, the volume of the aeration tank. Note, however, that there are practical limits on the volume of the aeration tank, requiring consideration of less ‘optimal’ treatment.

54. (From Kiely, 1997) Endogenous Growth Log Growth Declining Growth Activated Sludge: design and operation Design Operation

55. Activated Sludge: Plug Flow Configurations (From M&E) Plug Flow (Conventional)

56. Activated Sludge: Plug Flow Configurations (From M&E)

57. Activated Sludge: Plug Flow Configurations (From M&E)

58. Activated Sludge: Completely Mixed Flow Configurations (From M&E)

59. Activated Sludge: Completely Mixed Flow Configurations (From M&E)

60. Secondary Clarifier

61. Disinfection (UV light)

63. putrid: in a state of foul decay, as animal or vegetable matter putrescible: liable to become putrid Putrescible

64. Anaerobic Digestion: Biochemistry

65. Anaerobic Digestion: Reactors

66. Sludge Drying Beds

67. Belt Filter

68. Centrifuge

69. Multiple Hearth Furnace

70. Land Application The Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District provides wastewater treatment to villages towns and cities surrounding the Madison area lakes. Biosolids produced at the MMSD Nine Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant are recycled to agricultural land as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. Biosolids recycling practices are regulated by both USEPA and Wisconsin DNR to ensure that human and animal health are protected. http://www.madsewer.org/EMS-start-3.htm http://www.stdnet.com/company/?category_number=4&subcategory_number=3

71. Recycling The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District has been marketing its biosolids as Milorganite, a fertilizer and soil conditioner, for over 80 years. Today, 55,000 tons of Milorganite are sold annually. Milorganite is produced by place dewatered sludge cake in massive dryers with a temperature gradient of 800-1200 °F at the inlet and 180-210 °F at the outlet. This effectively inactivates viral and bacterial pathogens. http://members.cox.net/matthewhill_agrilawn/agrilawn1.htm http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=productDetail&productId=97821-1321-97821&lpage=none http://www.biosolids.org/docs/source/MilWI.pdf

73. Lagoons or Oxidation Ponds

74. Septic Tanks