2. 1 Introduction to Imperialism The Height of Imperialism 1800 -1914

3. Slide 2 Definition of Imperialism Process by which one state, with superior military strength and more advanced technology, imposes its control over the land, resources, and population of a less developed region

4. Slide 3 What is New Imperialism? Imperialism: The political and economic control of one country by another. New Imperialism: A type of foreign policy practiced by European nations and Japan throughout the 1800s and early 1900s.

5. Slide 4 Motives for Imperialism Capitalism required new markets and raw materials Heated rivalries Nationalism Social Darwinism and racism Moral responsibility of a Christian

6. Slide 5 NEED FOR NATURAL RESOURCES NEED FOR NEW MARKETS PLACE FOR GROWING POPULATION TO SETTLE PLACE TO INVEST PROFITS BASES FOR TRADE & NAVY SHIPS POWER & SECURITY OF GLOBAL EMPIRE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM WISH TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY WISH TO SHARE WESTERN CIVILIZATION BELIEF THAT WESTERN WAYS ARE BEST NEW WEAPONS NEW MEDICINES IMPROVED SHIPS &RAILROADS IMPROVED RIFLES Causes of New Imperialism SOCIAL DARWINISM

7. Slide 6 The Rationale Think about the Industrial Revolution - how did we get here? Nationalism - large colonies meant power Industrialization - vast access to natural resources and cheap labor Humanitarianism - Europeans thought it was their duty to civilize and uplift African people Social Darwinism - Survival of the fittest people

8. Slide 7 Nationalism (1800-1914) French Revolution and Napoleon spread nationalism throughout Europe Pride in one’s country was based upon industrial production, military strength, and size of empire

9. Slide 8 Industrialization (1750-1900) Increased population in Europe Great technological advances - military, transportation, and communications Continued economic expansion requires more resources and markets

10. Slide 9 Humanitarianism Christian missionaries saw Africa and Asia as fertile ground for converts Cultural superiority - Europeans must “save” the rest of the world Must stop the Arab slave trade in Africa (still in practice in North/East Africa)

11. Social Darwinism 10 The strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die. This theory is cross applied from biological to social/cultural concepts. Whole cultures should either advance or recede based on this theory. Proponents heavily impacted by ideas of racial superiority that is marginally backed by the science of the day.

12. Slide 11 Scramble for Africa Prior to the Age of Imperialism, Europeans only controlled port towns (except for Portugal who had two larger colonies) British took South Africa, Sierra Leone, and Gambia in the mid- 1800s

13. Slide 12 Scramble for Africa Between 1875 and 1900 European control of Africa went from 10% to 90% Only two nations, Liberia (home to many freed American slaves) and Ethiopia remained independent

14. Slide 13 What did this look like?

15. Slide 14 SUEZ CANAL

16. Slide 15 People in History: Cecil Rhodes 1892 cartoon

17. Slide 16 The Berlin Conference Tensions began to mount between rival European nations Conference called in 1884 by Bismarck of Germany to defuse disputes and set guidelines for colonization

18. Slide 17 The Berlin Conference Conference in Berlin essentially divided up Africa – no African representatives were in attendance (or were even invited) While dividing up the continent tribal territories and rivalries were not considered. Boundaries were drawn that divided tribes and coupled enemies together, leading to modern problems in Africa.

19. Slide 18 Quick review The main characteristic of new imperialism compared to earlier imperialism was that it was driven by 1. the need for raw materials and markets due to the Industrial Revolution 2. The desire to sustain trading posts in far-flung ports 3. a desire for colonies 4. an interest in converting people to Christianity Which characteristics describe “nationalism?”

20. Slide 19 Quick Review Which body of water connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean? Why were Africans left out of the Berlin Conference? Why did resistance movements fail?

21. Slide 20 Boer Wars 1899-1902 Fierce Guerilla resistance to British— angered Brits Brits respond with “scorched-earth policy Eventually win and create South Africa Appease Boer’s by agreeing that only whites with a few propertied Africans would vote (set-up for apartheid)

22. Slide 21 IMPERIALISM AFRICA ASIA EUROPE INDIA JAPANCHINA

23. Slide 22 MEIJI RESTORATION SEPOY MUTINY “JEWEL IN THE CROWN” BERLIN CONFERENCE BOER WAR SHAKA ZULU OPIUM WAR TAIPING REBELLION BOXER REBELLION SINO-JAPANESE WAR BRITISH EAST INDIA CO. MATTHEW PERRY WHITE MAN’S BURDEN SUEZ CANAL “OPEN DOOR POLICY” SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA NATIONALISM INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CECIL RHODES TREATY OF NANJING TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

24. Slide 23 IMPERIALISM INDIA AFRICA ASIA EUROPE JAPANCHINA BOER WAR MEIJI RESTORATION TAIPING REBELLION BOXER REBELLION MATTHEW PERRY JEWEL IN THE CROWN SINO-JAPANESE WARSHAKA ZULU SEPOY MUTINY OPIUM WAR TREATY OF NANJING WHITE MAN’S BURDEN. BRITISH EAST INDIA CO. NATIONALISM BERLIN CONFERENCE OPEN DOOR POLICY SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA AMRITSAR MASSACRE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CECIL RHODES SUEZ CANAL DIVIDE AND CONQUER SPHERES OF INFLUENCE EXTRATERRITORIALITY TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE RUSSO- JAPANESE WAR

25. Slide 24 Competition for Asia Subjugation of Asia less violent and more diplomatic than in Africa (other than the French campaign for Indochina)

26. Slide 25 Competition for Asia British East India Company had long controlled large parts of India, but other areas were soon being sought after

27. Slide 26 Administrative Styles Colonies (Direct Rule) French, German, Portuguese European rule imposed Highly centralized No attempt to preserve African institutions Protectorates (Indirect Rule) British Governor appointed by British gov’t Local leaders advised by British Supposed to preserve African institutions

28. Slide 27 Administrative Styles Spheres of Influence Local rulers maintain control of internal affairs Europeans control port towns China Company Rule European country grants economic and political control to trading company India (revoked later) Belgium Congo (terrible abuses)

29. Slide 28 Positive and Negative effects of British Imperialism Positive In India stabilized society badly divided by civil war Built new schools and hospitals, roads, RR Improved infrastructures Modern medicine and sanitation people live longer New farming techniques improved food production Literacy rate grows A select few learned government and Law —caveat- Knowledge of freedom led to calls for freedom from colonial rule Negative Arbitrary boundaries led to civil wars among groups in Africa Ignored culture, religion, and needs of other nations Enforced European culture and made inhabitants learn English People of Southeast Asia, Africa, and India were never considered equals of the British In India forced to grow cotton instead of food leading to a food shortage.

30. Slide 29 POSITIVENEGATIVEPOSITIVENEGATIVE European medicine & improved nutrition increased life span of Africans. This caused an increase in population. Modern transportation & communications; telegraphs, railroads, steamships, and telephones A small minority received improved education and economic opportunities. European domination led to an erosion of traditional African values and destroyed many existing social relationships African peoples were treated a s inferior. Forced to work long hours for low pay. Europeans divided up Africa ignoring tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries. These divisions have led to ongoing tribal clashes New roads & railroads link parts of India Telegraph & postal systems unite people Irrigation systems improve farming New laws mean justice for all classes British schools offer education Customs that threaten human rights are ended Indian resources go to Britain British made goods replace local goods Farms grow cash crops rather than food crops; Indians go hungry Top jobs go to British Indians are treated as inferiors Britain tries to replace Indian culture with western ways

31. Slide 30 Why were the British so successful as imperialists? Led the IR Had political system that gave capitalists great freedom Huge Hunger for profit This was a time of peace in GB giving focus on expansion of empire instead of trying to protect it.