1. 1 SURFACE FINISHES, DOORS AND WINDOWS

2. SURFACE FINISHES OR PLASTERING Process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the construction of houses and other structures with a cement mortar called plastering.

3. Objectives To provide an even surface, improve appearance To protect surface from the effects of natural agencies To conceal the defective workmanship To provide satisfactory base for painting, white washing etc., Internal plastering – to protect the surfaces against dust and vermin nuisance

4. Objectives TERMITE ATTACK DEFECTS IN WALL

5. Types Lime Plaster Cement plaster Mud Plaster Waterproof plaster

6. Methods Applied in one, two, or three coats Plastering in two coats Plastering in three coats

7. DOORS An openable barrier secured in a wall opening Door frame – fixed to the wall Door shutter – held in position - hinges

8. LOCATION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS Number of doors in a room – minimum Door – 20 cm away from the corner Window – satisfy functional requirements Window opposite to door – cross ventilation Window – prevailing direction of wind Sill of window – 70 to 80 cm above floor level

9. DOOR AREA REQUIREMENTS Door Interior doors – 0.8 m width External doors – 1.0 m width Doors in public buildings – 1.20 m width Height of door = width + 0.9 to 1.1 meter

10. WINDOW AREA REQUIREMENT Window size Total area – 10 to 20% of total floor area Public buildings – Minimum 20% of the floor area Glass panels area – 8 to 10% of total floor area Dimensions, use - location of the room, Direction and speed of the wind, Climatic conditions of the regions

11. DOOR Head Horn Top rail Bottom rail Hold fast Style Frame Panel

12. TYPES OF DOORS Battened and ledged doors Battened, ledged and braced doors Battened, ledged, braced and framed doors Framed and panelled doors Glazed or sash doors Flush doors Louvered doors Revolving doors Collapsible steel doors Rolling steel shutter doors

13. BATTENED AND LEDGED DOORS

14. BATTENED LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS Better stability – braces Wide openings

15. TYPES OF BATTENED, LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS

16. BATTENED LEDGED BRACED AND FRAMED DOORS More durable Stronger Vertical members - styles

17. FRAMED AND PANELLED DOOR Strong Better appearance Panel thickness – 20 mm Two leaves – wider openings

18. GLAZED / SASH DOORS Additional light requirement Nails, putty or wooden beads

19. FLUSH DOOR Smooth and clean surface Strong and sound proof to an extent

20. LOUVERED DOOR Vision not obstructed Permits free passage to air Fixed or movable

21. REVOLVING DOOR Regulate the entry of persons Entry and exit at the same time

22. COLLAPSIBLE STEEL DOOR 16 to 20 mm wide @ 10 – 12 cm 16 to 20 mm wide mild steel flats

23. ROLLING STEEL SHUTTER DOOR Steel plates of 1 to 1.25 mm thick

24. WINDOWS Head Transome light Hold fast Frame Style Transome Sill Panel

25. TYPES OF WINDOWS Casement windows Double-hung windows Pivoted windows Sliding windows Louvered windows Sash or glazed windows Metal windows Bay windows Gable windows Dormar windows

26. CASEMENT WINDOW

27. DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW

28. PIVOTED WINDOW

29. SLIDING WINDOW

30. LOUVERED WINDOW

31. SASH OR GLAZED WINDOW

32. METAL WINDOWS

33. BAY WINDOWS Square bay window Frame splayed bay window

34. GABLE AND DORMAR WINDOWS Dormar Window Gable Window