1. 1555-1648

2.  “War is one of the scourges with which it has pleased God to afflict men.”- Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)  War was a fact of everyday life in Europe  1555-1648- war was more brutal, expensive and on a large scale

3.  “un roi, une foi, une loi”  Peace of Augsburg (1555)- religion of the ruler= religion of the state  Toleration was a foreign concept  French Wars of Religion- Huguenots- St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572  One king, 2 faiths- politiques and the League  1585- war of the three Henrys (Henry III, Henry of Navarre, Henry Guise)  1598- Edict of Nantes

4.  King of Paper  Problems with England (Spanish Armada- 1588)  Burgundian Inheritance  Revolt of the Netherlands- 1566  Duke of Alba  Protestants rebel  1576- Pacification of Ghent  P. 422 and 424- maps of Europe

5.  Poland-Lithuania and Muscovy  1601- Time of Troubles  Rise of Sweden- Gustavus Aldophus  1621- captured Riga

6.  Bohemia Revolts- election of Ferdinand (1617)  Defenestration of Prague (1618)  Frederick V, the “winter king”  War widens- Frederick vs. Ferdinand  Protestant Gains-  Louis XIII and Richelieu decide to help  Peace of Westphalia

7.  1559- death of Henry II  1562- first battle of French wars of religion  1563- Catholic duc de Guise assassinated  1572- St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre  1574- accession of Henry III  1585- war of the Henrys  1588- duc de Guise murdered by order of Henry III  1594- Henry IV crowned  1598- Edict of Nantes

8. French genealogy- p. 415 HRE genealogy- p. 419 Timeline- revolt of Netherlands- p. 424 Genealogy of Poland- p. 426 Genealogy of Sweden- p. 429 Chronology of Thirty years’ war- p. 430

9.  Guise family- a strongly Catholic faction arose under the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine- they had large landholdings- also sought control of Scotland  Montgomery-Chatillons- Admiral Gaspard de Coligny led the French Protestant resistance  Bourbons- this powerful family with extensive lands in the south and west had strong Huguenot sympathies, and eventually won the throne in 1589

10.  Civil war in Bohemia- (1618- 1625)“defenestration of Prague- Ferdinand was elected Emperor and Frederick V lost his crown a few months later  Danish phase- (1625-1629)Ferdinand sent Albert of Wallerstein swept through Denmark  Swedish phase-(1630-1635)- Gustavus Adolphus- prompted the French to enter the war on the side of the Protestants  French phase (1635-1648)- Peace of Prague- favorable to Catholics

11.  Treaties recognized the sovereign, independent authority of the German princes- destroyed the HRE as a real state- not an empire  Independence of the United Provinces of Netherlands was recognized, Swiss cantons were acknowledged as sovereign and independent- French also picked up territories of Alsace-Lorraine-allowed French to intervene in German affairs  Religion- Augsburg Agreement of 1555- allowed Calvinism as a legally permissible creed- northern states remained Protestant…

12.  -blocked the Counter-Reformation  Restricted power of the Habsburgs  Germany was left in pieces  France, England, Netherlands take the lead in European affairs