1. Current Health Concerns: Tuberculosis Saharwash Jamali Hamna Jaffar

2. Estimated TB incidence rate, 2005 No estimate 0–24 50–99 100–299 300 or more 25–49 Estimated new TB cases (all forms) per 100 000 population The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.  WHO 2006. All rights reserved

3. Some facts… Affects 2billion people 1.6million deaths in 2005 (WHO) Is prevalent with sufferers of HIV; causes most of their deaths. Is, seemingly, on the decline.

4. Estimated global prevalence, mortality and incidence rates, 1990–2005 Prevalence Mortality Incidence

5. Pakistan Facts and Figures. TB quite high High burden country Far out places hard to reach with aid Increased awareness, figures still increasing though (WHO)

6. About TB Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis Mainly pulmonary TB Can spread to other locations in body Can remain dormant in body; asymptomatic carriers  may develop active TB later in life.

7. Identification of TB Acid fast bacilli, Ziehl-Neelson staining – culture Molecular techniques – nucleic acid amplification test, polymerise chain reaction (PCR)

8. SEM of M. tuberculosis Chest X-ray of TB sufferer Caseous Necrosis (nodule) of lung; Mycobacterium tuberculosis stained with a Kuper and May fluorescence technique

9. Treatment 1 st line drugs (chemotherapeutic) Begin with 2 drugs to stop TB resistance developing with just one. Long term 12-18months, short course 6 months Directly observed therapy Complications  resistance MDR-TB, XDR-TB

10. Vaccinations Produced from Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) attenuated strain of M.Bovis 80% protectiveness conferred, provides macrophages with killing ability

11. WHO Aims and Targets 2006 Stop TB Strategy  plan to eradicate TB by 2050 DOTS enhancement and expansion Address the growing concern of MDR-TB and XDR-TB Awareness

12. Resources Lippincotts, Microbiology 2 nd Edition http://www.who.int/tb/en/ (WHO website)http://www.who.int/tb/en/ www.wikipedia.org (Wikipedia, medical students bible)www.wikipedia.org Google Images