1. 1 25 OCTOBER 2010 ESSAY OPTION any nutrition topic of your choice-1000 words of text, references extra, typed, double spaced 5 marks each for: a) grammar, expression and presentation, b) logic c) relating topic to material presented in class d) conclusions AA DISPLACEMENT THEME SEABUCKTHORN BERRIES-FUNCTIONAL FOOD CONTAINING OMEGA 3 (ALA) AND OMEGA 6(18:2) FATTY ACIDS Thrombin formed as result of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for coagulation

2. 2 BODY FAT ACCUMULATION Waist – all males and post-menopausal females Hips- pre-menopausal females

3. 3 Lecture 7a- 25 October 2010 Water-soluble vitamins

4. 4 VITAMINS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES-structures DO NOT PROVIDE ENERGY-NO KCAL VALUE BUT CAN ASSIST AS COENZYMES IN METABOLISM THAT YIELDS ENERGY ARE NEEDED IN MICROGRAM OR MILLIGRAM QUANTITIES AND THEREFORE ARE MICRONUTRIENTS

5. 5 WHAT ARE THE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS B CLASS AND C B CLASS THIAMINE (VITAMIN B 1 ) RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B 2 ) NIACIN (VITAMIN B 3 ) VITAMIN B 6 FOLATE VITAMIN B 12 PANTOTHENIC ACID BIOTIN

6. 6 B CLASS THIAMINE (VITAMIN B 1 ) FUNCTION-coenzyme in energy metabolism -normal appetite -nervous system functioning SOURCES-whole grains, liver, legumes, nuts DEFICIENCIES- beriberi (mental confusion, peripheral paralysis, anorexia, edema) TOXICITIES – none known

7. 7 RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B 2 ) FUNCTION-coenzyme in energy metabolism, -tryptophan to niacin conversion SOURCES- milk and other dairy products, whole grain breads, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables DEFICIENCIES- dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, photophobia, reddening of the cornea TOXICITIES-none reported

8. 8 NIACIN (VITAMIN B 3 ) FUNCTION-coenzyme in energy metabolism -promotes normal nervous system function SOURCES-all protein foods, whole grain and enriched breads and cereals DEFICIENCIES-4 Ds (pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) TOXICITIES-flushing, liver damage, low blood pressure, gastric ulcers, diarrhea (deficiencies)?, nausea, vomiting

9. 9 VITAMIN B 6 FUNCTION-coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism -helps convert tryptophan to niacin -helps produce insulin, hemoglobin and nerve coverings and antibodies SOURCES –meats, fish, poultry, fruits, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts DEFICIENCIES-dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia TOXICITIES-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches

10. 10 FOLATE FUNCTION-coenzymes in DNA synthesis -vital for new cell synthesis and transmission of heredity SOURCES-leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, orange juice, fortified foods (eg breads) DEFICIENCIES-diarrhea, swollen tongue, anemia, depression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue TOXICITIES- mask B 12 deficiency

11. 11 VITAMIN B 12 FUNCTION-coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells -activates folate -maintains nerve cells -metabolism of some fatty and amino acids SOURCES-meat, fish, poultry, milk, dairy products, eggs DEFICIENCIES-glossitis, anorexia, indigestion, weight loss, anemia, numbing of hands and feet, decreased sense of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory, irritability, depression, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations TOXICITIES-none reported

12. 12 PANTOTHENIC ACID FUNCTION-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism SOURCES-meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes DEFICIENCIES-rare- general failure TOXICITIES-perhaps diarrhea

13. 13 BIOTIN FUNCTION-coenzyme -energy metabolism -fatty acid synthesis -amino acid metabolism, -glycogen formation SOURCES-eggs, liver, yeast breads, gastrointestinal tract flora DEFICIENCIES rare-anorexia, fatigue, depression, dry skin, heart abnormalities TOXICITIES-none reported

14. 14 VITAMIN C FUNCTION- collagen synthesis, antioxidant, promotes iron absorption, hormone synthesis, immune function SOURCES-citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens, strawberries, tomatoes DEFICIENCIES-scurvy (bleeding, muscle degeneration, delayed wound healing) TOXICITIES-diarrhea, cramps,headache, insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, gout, aggravation

15. 15 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT ABSORPTION-DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD VIA FACILITATED TRANSPORT TRANSPORT-TRANSPORTED FREELY IN BLOOD

16. 16 FUNCTIONAL FOODS ALL OF FOODS HAVING SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF VARIOUS VITAMINS TWO ISSUES CONCENTRATIONS SEPARATION OF EFFECTS- EG CANCER

17. 17 VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS (VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS) No need if good diet- good diet will meet the nutritional functions of the vitamins Can get beneficial effects that cannot get from diet (concentration issue) Here get concentration but also potential toxicity

18. 18 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE HEART DISEASE NIACIN-LOWER CHOLESTEROL AND LDL AND INCREASE HDL VITAMIN C-ANTIOXIDANT

19. 19 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED STROKE NIACIN-LIPID LEVELS VITAMIN C-ANTIOXIDANT

20. 20 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED CANCER VITAMIN C-ANTIOXIDANT

21. 21 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED METABOLIC STRESS: INFECTION, TRAUMA (E.G. HEAD INJURY) BURNS SURGERY INCREASED NEED, DUE TO FLUID LOSS, FOR B AND C VITAMINS -B AND C VITAMINS GIVEN THROUGH : FEEDING TUBE-OR INTRAVENOUSLY

22. 22 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED BIRTH DEFECTS-NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDs) E.G. SPINA BIFIDA PRIOR TO PREGNANCY- FEMALE USE OF FOLATE TO PREVENT NTDs

23. 23 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED COMMON COLD VITAMIN C

24. 24 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED SMOKING BODY VITAMIN C LEVELS ARE DECREASED BY SMOKING

25. 25 WHATS NEW IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN RESEARCH HIGHER FEMORAL NECK BONE DENSITY IN ELDERLY MEN AND WOMEN CONSUMING HIGHER AMOUNTS OF B 6 ALSO THEY HAD REDUCED RISK OF NON-VERTEBRAL FRACTURES BONE 2007 AUTHORS ARE Yazanpanah et al.