1. Electronic Commerce

2. Contents Web Server Basics Web Server Software Web Server Hardware

3. Web Servers: Back To Basics A Web Server computer responds to requests from a Web Client A Web Server comprises of: Hardware Operating system Web server software

4. Software/hardware Requirements From the company goals you should be able to estimate The number of visitors that will use your site The number of pages viewed by the average visitor The average and maximum allowed size of each page The maximum allowed number of simultaneous visitors This allows the software and hardware requirements to be determined

5. Web Site Types There are numerous different types of Web sites including: Development sites: are used by companies to evaluate web site designs. The initial investment in these sites are small since they use existing hardware (i.e. no special hardware is purchased) Intranets: these are corporate networks that hold documents such as internal memos, corporate handbooks, expense account worksheets, budgets and newsletters

6. Web Site Types (I) Extranets: which allow external entities, e.g. suppliers and strategic partners to access a subset of the information on the Intranet Transaction-processing: These sites operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week and require fast, reliable hardware and e- commerce software Web sites hosting B2B and B2C activities must have spare capacity to support an increase in customer volume.

7. Web Site Types (II) Content-delivery: sites must be available seven days a week, 24 hours a day and require fast and precise search engines to help visitors locate information quickly These sites deliver content such as news, histories and other digital information.

8. Web Clients and Servers When an individual connects to the Internet to view a document, they become a client on the Webs client/server network The client/server architecture is used for LANs, WANs and the Web. Typical request serviced by servers connected to these networks include request to print, to retrieve information and to access databases

9. Web Clients and Servers (I) Web servers typically have More memory Larger and faster disk drives than client computers Web browser software e.g. IE, Netscape and Firefox is the software that makes computers work as Web clients The Internet connects several different types of computers together, therefore Web software must be platform neutral

10. Dynamic Content A static page is an unchanging page retrieved from a disk A dynamic page is a page created by a program (script) based on user input E.g. a Web client inquires about the status of an order and the Web page that is returned is created from information stored in a database This property (being dynamic) can affect the performance of the Web Server static pages are delivered faster than dynamic pages

11. Dynamic Content The first Web site to provide dynamic pages used server side scripting Programs running on the Web server that create web pages These technologies are slow Newer technologies used for generating dynamic content include: Microsoft’s Active Server pages (ASP) Sun’s Java Server Pages (JSP) Apache’s PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

12. Dynamic Web Pages: The Future Some critics say that ASP/JSP/PHP etc. do not solve the problem since they simply shift the responsibility of Web page creation from people to programs A project that is currently underway to tackle the problem of dynamic Web page creation is the Apache Cocoon project

13. Dynamic Web Pages: The Future The Apache Cocoon project: Is creating a Web development framework that Allows programmers to query the system using data in XML format Receives output in multiple formats including HTML The content is stored in XML tags which describes the semantics (meaning) of each content item A Java servlet handles the information request A style sheet is applied to the data

14. Server A Server is any computer used to provide files or make applications available to other computers connected to it through a network Server software refers to the programs that run on the server Web Servers are connected to the Internet and serve Web pages

15. Server (I) E-mail Servers handle incoming and outgoing email Database Servers are server computers on which database management software runs

16. Web Client/Server Communication When a Web Client requests a page from a Web server the following occurs The request is converted into HTTP by the browser and sent to the Web Server The Server receives the request and retrieves the information requested by the Client The Server formats the information using HTTP and sends it back to the Client The Client displays the information in the browser Web pages may take long to appear because each page element requires a separate request/response

17. 2/3-Tier Client/Server Architecture The typical Web Client/Server model is two tier because it has one client and one Server In the three-tier Client/Server model the third tier includes Server applications that supply information to the Web Server E.g. a catalog style Web site with search, update and display functions: the catalog database and database management software would make up the third tier

18. Web Server Software The most popular public Web server programs today are (April 2004 survey): Apache HTTP Server (69.01%) Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) (23.26%) Sun Java System Web Server (JSWS) (former names are Sun One, iPlanet Enterprise Server and Netscape Enterprise Server) (0.86%) http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2004/04/01/april_2004_web_server_survey.html

19. Apache(“A Patchy” Server) Developed in 1994 by Rob McCool The original core system has many patches applied to it, and thus its name Apache has dominated the Web since 1996 Available free Runs on operating systems including FreeBSD-UNIX, HP-UX, Linux, Microsoft Windows, SCO-UNIX and Solaris

20. Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) Comes bundled with Microsoft Windows Server operating system IIS used on many corporate intranets (Microsoft standard product) Originally written to run on Windows NT and Windows 2000; runs on Windows 2003 Server and Windows XP Supports ASP, ActiveX Data objects and SQL queries

21. Sun Java System Web Server This is a descendant of the original NCSA server Cost US$1500-per-CPU licensing fee Runs on HP-UX, Solaris and Windows Is ODBC compatible (i.e. full access to ODBC databases)

22. Web Server Hardware Web Servers have more memory, faster hard drives and faster processors (or multiple processors) than desktop machines

23. Cost A high-end desktop PC with 512MB RAM, 3GHz processor, a 200GB IDE drive, a good monitor and DVD/CD-RW drive cost between US$2000 - $4000 A low end Web server might cost the same amount Companies spend between US$6,000 and $400,000 for a Web server Suppliers of these servers include Dell, Gateway and Hewlett Packard

24. Web Server Architectures Server farms refer to large (hundreds, or thousands) of Web servers used to handle daily traffic on large Web sites A Centralised architecture uses a few very large and very fast computers A Distributed/decentralised architecture uses a larger number of less powerful computers

25. Web Server Architectures (I) The Centralised architecture requires Expensive computers Is more susceptible to technical problems If one or a few of the servers are available then a large proportion of the site is unavailable As a result a backup/recovery plan is essential

26. Web Server Architectures (II) The Distributed/decentralised architecture: Spreads the risk over a large number of servers The smaller servers are less expense that larger ones (the cost of 100 smaller servers is usually less that the cost of one large one) Additional hubs and switches are required to link the servers together and to the Internet These sites might also use load-balancing systems which are an additional cost

27. Load Balancing Systems A load-balancing switch: A piece of network hardware that monitors the workload of servers attached to it assigns incoming web traffic to the server with the most available capacity at the given time

28. Why Load-balance? Allows Highly-Trafficked Sites To Maintain Fast Response Times Server Redundancy - If An Application Server Goes Down, Your Site Stays Up Better Site Performance = Better User Experience = Better Sales Results Readies Your Hosting Configuration For Traffic Growth & Intense Traffic Spikes Source: www.inetu.net/services/ loadbalancing.phpwww.inetu.net/services/ loadbalancing.php

29. Simple Load-Balancing Traffic enters the site from the Internet through a router (not shown in diagram) This traffic is then directed to the appropriate Web server by the load- balancing switch

30. Load Balancing Systems Cost Load-balancing switches and software cost between US$10,000 and $50,000

31. References [Sch2004] Schneider, Gary, P., “Electronic Commerce: The second wave”, Thomson Course Technology, Fifth Annual Edition, 2004