1. PEDIGREES Chapter 14

2. Pedigree A pedigree is a chart for tracing genes in a family They can be used to study the transmission of a hereditary condition Phenotypes are used to infer genotypes on a pedigree

3. Symbols Used in a Pedigree Normal male Affected male Normal female Affected female Vertical Lines- offspring Marriage/Mating A marriage with five children, two daughters and three sons. The middle- aged son is affected by the condition. Oldest child  Youngest child

4. Organizing the Pedigree Generations are identified by Roman numerals I II III IV

5. Organizing the Pedigree Individuals in each generation are identified by numbers. Therefore the affected individuals are II3, IV2 and IV3 I II III IV

6. Patterns of Inheritance  Basic patterns of inheritance  autosomal, recessive  autosomal, dominant  X-linked, recessive  X-linked, dominant (very rare)

7. Autosomal Recessive Traits Trait is rare in pedigree Trait often skips generations hidden in heterozygous carriers (sometimes shown half shaded) Trait affects males and females equally

8. Autosomal Recessive Traits  Most common ones Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell anemia Phenylketonuria (PKU) Tay-Sachs disease  For each of these, over dominance (heterozygote superiority) has been suggested as a factor in maintaining the disease alleles at high frequency in some populations

9. Autosomal Recessive Trait If you ever see this situation in the pedigree (two unaffected parents have an affected child) then the trait MUST be recessive! The parents are heterozygous.

10. Autosomal Dominant Trait Trait is common in the pedigree Trait is found in every generation Affected individuals transmit the trait to ~1/2 of their children (regardless of sex)

11. X-linked Recessive Trait Trait is rare in pedigree Trait skips generations Affected fathers DO NOT pass to their sons, Males are more often affected than females

12. X-linked Recessive Trait ex. Hemophilia in European royalty

13. Steps to Determine Inheritance Pattern of a Trait Step 1: Determine whether it’s dominant or recessive. Does it skip generations? YES= recessive NO= dominant. Step 2. Determine whether is is autosomal or x-linked. Does it affect one gender more than the other? YES= X-linked NO= autosomal

14. What Inheritance Pattern Does this Trait Follow?

15. What is the inheritance pattern? What is the genotype of III-1, III-2, and II-3? What are the odds that IV-5 would have an affected son?

16. Pedigree Analysis in Real Life Remember: dominant traits may be rare in population recessive traits may be common in population alleles may come into the pedigree from 2 sources mutation happens often traits are more complex affected by environment & other genes