1. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning “a service at hand” Cor van der Meer & Tjallien Kalsbeek Fryske Akademy

2. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Overview Fryslân Language(s) Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning Multilingual education

3. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Early Middle ages Late Middle ages Today Fryslân in history

4. Well-known outside Fryslân

5. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009

6. taalkaart 870 26.300 634.000 11.500 3.200 342.000 1.500

7. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 ContinentLanguages CountPercent Africa2 09230.3 Americas1 00214.5 Asia2 26932.8 Europe2393.5 Pacific1 31019.0 Totals6 912100.0

8. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009

9. Frisian as First Language

10. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Frisian Language Command 54 % Mother tongue 94 % Understanding 74 % Speaking 65 % Reading 26 % Writing

11. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009

12. Home Languages Ljouwert Dutch Frisian Liwadders English Arabic Kurdish Hindu Berber Papiamentu German Somali Turkish French Vietnamese Chinese Spanish Bosnian Iraqi Italian Farsi Armenian Persian Polish Urdu Albanian Javanese Portuguese Russian Sranan Tongo Greek Serbo-Croatian Moroccan Arabic Malay Indonesian Romanian Tamil Bantu Filipino Catalan Hebrew Punjabi Swedish Kosovo Albanian Lingala Norwegian Ukrainian Kinyarwanda Czech Flemish Dari Georgian Niger-Congo languages Jamaican Patois Nepali Austria German Serbian Sinhala About 60 languages

13. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Mercator Network Mercator Research Centre “lead partner” 4 Partner institutes Aberystwyth – University of Wales Barcelona – Ciemen Budapest – Hungarian Academy of Sciences Ekilstuna (Sweden) – Mälardalen University

14. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Mercator? Gerardus Mercator 1512-1594

15. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Mercator Research Centre 1987-2006: Documentation and Information Centre. Funded by the European Union. 2007-2008: transition into: Information and Research Centre. Funded by the Province of Fryslân and the municipality of Ljouwert/Leeuwarden.

16. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Position within Europe European Union - Communication on Multilingualism Council of Europe - Language Policy Development Cooperation and Partnerships Mercator Network, EBLUL, NPLD, ECML (Graz), ECMI (Flensburg), regional authorities and institutes.

17. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Difference between EU and CoE EU: 1957 27 member states Economic Federation Council of Europe: 1949 47 member states Human rights development Gateway to European Union (European Charter on RML, Framework Convention for the protection of National Minorities)

18. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 EU-based typology Unique minority languages Welsh, Frisian, Galician Catalan (E, I, F), Basque (E, F) Minority languages with a “kin-state” German (B, Dk, F, I), French (I), Slovene (Au, I) Ukrainian (Sl, Pol) Special cases Romani, Yiddish

19. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 200 2.000 20.000 280.000 2 M 7 M Differences in size Catalan Galician Luxemburgish Catalan (I) Saterfrisian Cornish

20. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Mercator’s activities Publications & databases Research Network of Schools Network of Teacher Trainings Institutes Conferences & seminars Q&A service

21. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Research reports Newsletters Regional dossiers series - 40 language descriptions - Update every 5-7 years - Online available Publications

22. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009

23. http://www.networkofschools.org/ Network of Schools > 90 members > 30 language communities 15 EU member states News bulletins Website: - teaching materials - projects

24. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 April: “Multilingualism, Regional and Minority Languages: Paradigms for the languages of the wider world”, London, organised in cooperation with CETL, UCL and SOAS. June: “Pedagogy and Didactics in the Multilingual Classroom”, Ljouwert, organised in cooperation with the Basque Ministry of Education. September: Mercator Network conference, “Developments in the curriculum of language teaching and learning, at primary school level and in secondary education”, Ljouwert. October: Partnership for Diversity conference, “The challenging relationship between transmission of cultures and transmission of languages”, Ljouwert, organised in cooperation with EBLUL and combined with the European song contest Liet International. Conferences in 2009

25. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Fields of research Added value of multilingualism and multilingual education. New technologies; distant language (and culture) learning. Application of the CEFR and the ELP in Europe. Informal learning and promotion of reading in families & households.

26. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Old Theory

27. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 New Theory

28. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Definitions Monolingual education: dominant language only. Bilingual/Trilingual education: two or more languages taught as a subject and used as a medium of instruction. Immersion: use of minority (or: lesser used language) as only medium of instruction. The dominant language taught as a subject.

29. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Why bilingual education? Right on education in mother tongue Pedagogical development Social integration Cultural participation Language maintenance

30. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Models of bilingual education Immersion Systematic split of time Systematic split of subjects One person/one language [Minority language as a subject only]

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32. Trilingual education (1) Model used: - Group 1-6: 50 % Frisian, 50 % Dutch - Group 7-8: 40 % Frisian, 40 % Dutch, 20% English Systematic use of Frisian, Dutch and English as a medium of instruction. Interactive language education

33. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Trilingual education (2) Results: - Good quality of Frisian - Results of Dutch at the same level at the end of grade 8 as all other pupils in the Netherlands - Results for English slightly better, but not significantly - Self consciousness in English better, but not significantly

34. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Why multilingual education? (1) Bilingualism has positive effects on language and educational developments of children. The level of skills in the mother tongue predicts the level of skills in the second language quite well. Promotion of mother tongue helps the mother tongue itself, but also the dominant language. To use time for the minority language does not have a negative effect on the acquisition of the majority language at school.

35. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009 Why multilingual education? (2) A minority language is vulnerable and risks to get lost at school. To disrespect the language of the children at school means in fact a disrespect of the children themselves. To give the children a dynamic identity and social opportunities for the future.

36. Visit FYK-exchange 28-07-2009

37. www.mercator-research.eu mercator@fryske-akademy.nl Köszönöm Haristo Mersi dit Tak Danke Hvala Teşekkür ederim Dzãczi Thank you Tige tank Ful toank