1. Al-Andalus
HIST 1007
11/8/13

2. Muhammad b. `Abdallah b. Tumart (ca. 1080-1130)
Berber religious scholar who studied in Baghdad and Damascus
Mixture of strict Sunni law with Sufi charisma
1117: Returns to Morocco as a fiery, puritan preacher
Heir to the Prophet
Return to the time of the
Prophet
Mahdi, imam, and ma`sun
(sinless)
Berber military strength with
religious charisma
Ibn Tumart Mosque

3. Almohad Caliphate (r. 1121-1269)
Ibn Tumart reorganizes southern Morocco
10 disciples
50 tribal delegates
Religious hierarchy over tribal society
Caliph of Ibn Tumart
1140’s: Conquest of
Morocco
: Conquest of
Spain

4. Marrakech, Rabat, and Seville

5. Almohads and Islam Strict form of Islam difficult to maintain
Mizwar – keeper of morals
Muezzins – caller to prayer
Shaykhs – religious scholar hired to train members of royal family
Madrassas
Can’t break growing interest in Maraboutism and older tradition of Maliki Sunnism

6. What happens next? Establish general form of Moroccan state
Series of dynasties which struggle over defined state
Bilad al-makhzan vs. bilad al-siba
Influx of refugees from Spain influence North African identity
Increases Arab identity over Berber identity

7. Spain before Islam 415 – Visigoths begin conquest of Spain
Maintained certain Roman
institutions
Arian nobility vs. Catholic people
6th century – nobility converts
to Catholicism
Roman villa system and slave
armies
Urban decline

8. Muslim Conquest of Spain
Tariq b. Ziyad (d. 720)
711: Raid(?) across the
Straight of Gibraltar
Largely a Berber force
Did Spanish think it was a
trading mission?
Battle of Guadalete:
Visigothic King Roderic defeated
Most of Visigothic nobility killed
Opens Spain to Muslims

9. The Battle of Poitiers By 720, Muslim armies heading
north of Pyrenees Mountains
732: Battle of Poitiers (Tours)
Tours: about 150 miles
southwest of Paris
Charles Martel ( ):
general of Merovingian France,
grandfather of Charlemagne
Muslims sent south of Pyrenees

10. Organization of al-Andalus
Land parceled out to Arab and Berber tribes
Farm land vs. mountainous land
Syrian Arabs sent to put down revolts, given land too
Appropriation of Spanish manors
Irrigation and new crops bring economic prosperity
Sahib al-saqiya: irrigation manager
Mediterranean trade

11. The Umayyads of Spain (r. 756-1031)
`Abd al-Rahman I (r ): grandson of Umayyad Caliph Hisham
Syrian troops in Spain help establish Umayyad family in Cordoba
Bring imperial
traditions from the
east
Mercenary soldiers
from Europe

12. The Umayyads of Spain
`Abd al-Rahman II (r ): centralized administration and state monopolies over markets
`Abd al-Rahman III (r ): declares himself caliph
Saqaliba: slave soldiers
from Spain, Germany,
and Eastern Europe
Centralized taxation
Consumption of
`Abbasid and Fatimid
court culture

13. Hispano-Arabic Culture
Arabs, Berbers, converts, Jews, and Christians
Arabic language and Islam
Romance language and Christianity
Intermarriage
Blurring of lines
Mozarab – Arabized
Christians
La Convivencia – the
Coexistence

14. Jews of al-Andalus Jewish notables Assisted in Arab conquests
Served in administration
Intermediary between
Muslim and Christian
rulers
Spokesmen for European
Jews

15. Martyrs of Cordoba
Christians resisting Arabization of Spanish Christians
Translation of Christian religious texts into Arabic
Eulogius of Cordoba (d. 859)
48 monks, nuns, priests, and devout Christians
purposefully sought martyrdom
Defaming Muhammad
Apostasizing from Islam
Attacked by Arabicized
Christians
Umayyads dismiss Christians
from service
17th century Spanish depiction of execution of Eulogius

16. Taifa or Party Kings 11th century – Umayyad Caliphate breaks down
Provincial independence
Continues flourishing
of culture
Multiple courts with
multiple patrons

17. Reconquista Band of Christian kingdoms survived in northern Spain
Ideological movement
develops to reconquer and
recolonize Spain
1085: King Alfonso VI
conquers Toledo
Opens world of Muslim
knowledge and culture to the
West
Translation of Arabic texts into
Latin
Alcazar of Toledo (not Ohio)

18. Reconquista Not entirely ideological
Christian and Muslim mercenaries fight on both sides
Arabicized Christians
and the Taifa courts
Insertion of crusading
ideology, importation of
crusaders, and establishment
of Catholic institutions push
ideological nature

19. Spain and North Africa
1082 – Spanish Muslims request support of Almoravids
1149 – Almohads invade Spain
Both bring more extreme
Muslim ideology
Breaking down of La Convivencia
1212 – Battle of Las Navas de
Tolosa: combined army of Leon,
Castile, Navarre, and Aragon defeat
Almohads

20. The Emirate of Granada
Mid-13th century – 1492: Granada is the last Muslim territory in Spain
Important port, brings in money and supplies
Large population of Muslims fleeing Christian rule
Disunity within Christian
kingdoms slows down
conquest
The Alhambra in Granada