1. Assignment 4: The Human Reproductive System Lesson 3: Hormones & Fertility

2. White boards at the ready!!!

3. Where are ova (egg cells) released from in females?

4. The Ovaries

5.  What is the scientific term for a fertilised ovum?

6. Zygote

7.  Which day of the menstrual cycle is an ovum released?

8. Day 14

9. What is this process called?

10. Ovulation

11. Which hormone is responsible for ovulation?

12. LH (Luteinising Hormone)

13.  What is the name of another pituitary sex hormone?

14. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

15.  Where are sperm cells made in males?

16.  In the Seminiferous Tubules in the testes

18.  Which hormone assists sperm production?

19. Testosterone

20.  What is the name of the structure responsible for carrying sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

21.  Vas Deferens

22.  What is the function of the Epididymis?

23.  To store sperm ready for ejaculation

24.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJU5p- MYzcw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJU5p- MYzcw

25.  Recap and consolidate understanding of the reproductive hormones  Understand what ‘infertility’ is and be aware of causes, tests and treatments for infertility.

26. There are two ways in which knowledge of the menstrual cycle can help to control fertility: Contraception Conception

28.  Combined Pill = Oestrogen and Progesterone  Mini Pill = Progesterone only

29. Taken for 21 days followed by 7 pill free days During the 7 pill free days the woman will experience a ‘period’. Taken every day at same time (give or take 12 hours) The oestrogen and progesterone disrupt the normal hormonal cycle No egg is released.

30.  The progesterone will disrupt the normal hormonal cycle so that ovulation doesn’t occur.  Taken every day at the same time (give or take 2 hours)  No break from pills so woman won’t experience a period.

31.  Once a couple decide they would like a baby they must make sure they have intercourse near the day when the woman is ovulating.  Having intercourse at the right time of the month will help the woman conceive.  How do you think they might work this out?

32.  What is the first sign that a woman might be pregnant?  How would they confirm this?  HCG testing

33.  An egg is fertilised (so becomes a zygote)  The egg moves down the fallopian tube  The egg ‘implants’ in the uterus lining. This is implantation.  The new blastocyst / embryo produces a hormone called HCG = Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

36.  In small groups, discuss the following: What is infertility? What might cause it? What might happen if somebody finds they are infertile?

37.  There are many reasons why a couple may have trouble conceiving.  Doctors usually wont do anything unless the couple have been trying to conceive for more than 12 months.  What do you think might help a couple conceive faster?

38.  Tracking things like body temperature, cervical fluid and menstrual days can help a woman work out when she is going to be most fertile.  She could also carry out an ovulation test. This works a bit like a pregnancy test but indicates the presence of LH instead of HCG.  Why LH?

40.  Hormonal disruptions  STIs  Physical Problems (blockages etc)

41.  Hormonal disruptions  If a woman isn’t producing enough of a particular hormone then various problems may occur. Like what?  An ovum may not be released  The endometrium might not build up properly so the embryo can’t implant.

42.  For each female reproductive hormone, write down the consequences of not having enough of it.  Oestrogen  Progesterone  LH  FSH

43.  Sexually transmitted infections can affect fertility.  Can you name some STIs?  Syphilis  Chlamydia  Gonorrhoea

44.  Conditions such as:  Blockages in Fallopian Tubes  Cysts on the ovaries  Endometrium infections  Cancer / tumours / growths  Genetic Disorders  Complications following surgery

45.  STIs  Physical Problems  Hormonal problems

46. Male fertility can be affected by similar problems as females. Such as: Blockages (e.g. in the vas deferens or urethra) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSXgHP7K 6aE STIs Surgery Hormonal issues Genetic Disorders

47.  Male fertility tests often start with a semen analysis.  This will look at:  Semen volume  Total sperm number  Sperm concentration  Vitality of sperm  Motility of sperm  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTLWzZ0u oxM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTLWzZ0u oxM  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJEU8UKM XTs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJEU8UKM XTs

49.  Can you think of anything / have you heard of anything that can help a man produce better quality / more sperm?

50.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNHSTa 0Yct4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNHSTa 0Yct4

51.  Once a problem has been diagnosed, there are different treatments available to help a couple trying to conceive.  Do you know how?

52.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeigYib 39Rs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeigYib 39Rs

54.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R- lrEBevJ60 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R- lrEBevJ60  (15 mins)

55.  We are in ICT room A220  Research the merit task  Write up assignment.  10:45-12:15