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Anatomy Basic neuroscience J. Lauwereyns, Ph.D. Professor
Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences Kyushu University
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The neuron Chemical release Detection Transport DNA Insulation
Glia In mammals: Axons are myelinated
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Neuron communication Neurons: detect external environment
convert this sensory information into cellular ‘language’ PIC BEFORE slide 5
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Simple reflex
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Simple reflex Touching a hot iron; muscles of the arm contract,
withdraw the arm
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Simple reflex Dendrites of a sensory neuron signal the painful
stimulus
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Simple reflex This triggers an action potential in the axon
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Simple reflex This activates an inter- neuron in the spinal cord
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Simple reflex This activates an inter- neuron in the spinal cord,
which, in turn, activates a motor neuron
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Simple reflex Now the motor neuron sends a series of action potentials
to the muscle, which contracts
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Simple reflex Note: for simplicity, only 3 neurons and 1 muscle are shown. In reality, even this simple reflex involves many hundreds of neurons, and groups of muscles…
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How does this work?? Action potentials (or nerve impulses) form the language of the brain, like computer bits or Morse code Cells that can generate and conduct action potentials have an excitable membrane When such cells are not generating impulses, the membrane is at its resting potential
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Flash forward!
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Action potentials: The brain’s information code
Neuron’s response (action potentials) Visual stimulus Neuron’s response Visual stimulus Data from a neuron in visual cortex
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Back to the present…
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The neuron Chemical release Detection Transport DNA Insulation
Glia In mammals: Axons are myelinated
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‘Central dogma’ of molecular biology
DNA Transcription mRNA Translation Protein
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The axon and its terminal
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Close up of terminal button
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Following an action potential: Neurotransmitters will be released in
the synaptic cleft and influence the post-synaptic neuron… To be continued
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Neuron communication Two components:
Within the neuron (action potentials) Between neurons (neurochemical release)
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The logic of + and – in the brain
Inhibitory “-” Excitatory “+”
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Simple reflex Touching a hot iron; muscles of the arm contract,
withdraw the arm
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The advantage of inhibitory control…
Returning to the example of the simple reflex, and a desire not to let go of the hot casserole
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1 human 2 monkey 3 cat 4 pigeon 5 possum 6 dog
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dorsal posterior caudal rostral anterior ventral lateral medial
neuraxis dorsal posterior rostral caudal anterior ventral lateral medial
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rostral lateral neuraxis medial ventral dorsal caudal
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dorsal coronal ventral sagittal rostral caudal transversal
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Meninges Spinal cord Cranial nerves Ribs Lung Spinal nerves Kidney
(Cauda equina)
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Dorsal Ventral Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater Spinal nerve
Sub- arach- noid space Vertebra Fat tissue Ventral
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Dorsal Ventral To brain Dorsal root Dura mater Dorsal root ganglion
Afferent axon Arachnoid membrane Pia mater Ventral root Spinal nerve Efferent axon Motor neuron Sub- arach- noid space Vertebra Fat tissue Ventral
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Meninges Spinal cord Cranial nerves Ribs Lung Spinal nerves Kidney
(Cauda equina)
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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The meninges Let’s take a look Dura mater Arachnoid Subdural membrane
space Subarachnoid space (Arachnoid trabeculae) Pia mater The meninges Surface of the brain
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Ventricular system: flotation, shock absorption
Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Massa intermedia Fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Nervous system 1 Central Nervous System 2 Peripheral Nervous System
3 The cranial nerves 4 The meninges 5 The ventricular system
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Not the two hemispheres present; narrowing of the medulla and fattening of the cerebellum
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Cerebral cortex (Telencephalon) Limbic structures Basal ganglia
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Thalamus (Diencephalon) Hypothalamus (Mesencephalon) Tectum (Substantia nigra, Superior colliculus,…) Cerebellum (Metencephalon) Pons (Myelencephalon) Medulla
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Cerebral cortex (Telencephalon) Limbic structures Basal ganglia
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Thalamus (Diencephalon) Hypothalamus (Mesencephalon) Tectum (Substantia nigra, Superior colliculus,…) Cerebellum (Metencephalon) Pons (Myelencephalon) Medulla
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Primary Motor cortex Primary Somatosensory cortex Cerebral cortex Primary Visual cortex Primary Auditory cortex
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Primary Motor cortex Primary Somatosensory cortex Cerebral cortex Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Primary Visual cortex Primary Auditory cortex Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Medulla Cerebellum Spinal cord
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Primary Somatosensory cortex Primary Motor cortex Right hemisphere Primary Visual cortex Primary Auditory cortex Left hemisphere
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Primary Somatosensory cortex Primary Motor cortex Right hemisphere Central sulcus Calcarine fissure Primary Visual cortex Lateral fissure Primary Auditory cortex Left hemisphere Fissure, sulcus: groove (major, minor) Gyrus: a convolution of the cortex (separated by sulci or fissures)
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Cerebral cortex (Telencephalon) Limbic structures Basal ganglia
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Thalamus (Diencephalon) Hypothalamus (Mesencephalon) Tectum (Substantia nigra, Superior colliculus,…) Cerebellum (Metencephalon) Pons (Myelencephalon) Medulla
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Limbic structures Limbic cortex Corpus callosum (largest Hippocampus
commissure, connecting the two hemispheres) Hippocampus Pituitary gland Cerebellum Amygdala Pons Spinal cord Medulla
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Cerebral cortex (Telencephalon) Limbic structures Basal ganglia
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Thalamus (Diencephalon) Hypothalamus (Mesencephalon) Tectum (Substantia nigra, Superior colliculus,…) Cerebellum (Metencephalon) Pons (Myelencephalon) Medulla
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Tail of caudate nucleus Globus pallidus
Basal ganglia Caudate nucleus and putamen + (Diencephalon) Thalamus Hypothalamus Tail of caudate nucleus Globus pallidus (can’t see: Substantia nigra)
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Cerebral cortex (Telencephalon) Limbic structures Basal ganglia
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Thalamus (Diencephalon) Hypothalamus (Mesencephalon) Tectum (Substantia nigra, Superior colliculus,…) Cerebellum (Metencephalon) Pons (Myelencephalon) Medulla
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