2.  Puerto Rico?  Puerto Rico occupied by US troops during the war ▪ Treaty of Paris gives PR to US—What do to after?  Strategically important in Caribbean ▪ Protect future of canal in Panama  Puerto Rico made a commonwealth ▪ People elect lower house of legislature (now elect both) ▪ 1917—US citizenship ▪ Can come & go in US ▪ Can’t vote in presidential elections ▪ Rejected statehood

3.  Cuba?  Teller Amendment said that the US would not take over any part of Cuba  Still, the US troops occupied Cuba at the end of the war ▪ Good and bad—Cuba was not independent, but the US provided ▪ Food ▪ Clothing ▪ Help to farmers ▪ Improved sanitation—Eliminate Yellow Fever ▪ Schools

4.  Cuba?  Protectorate—Partially controlled by a stronger power  Cubans write new Constitution—Platt Amendment ▪ No treaties that limit independence ▪ No foreign power to control Cuba ▪ US can intervene ▪ No debt ▪ US can buy/lease land for naval bases

5.  US business interests:  Sugar  Tobacco  Mining  Protect railroad and public utilities

6.  The Philippines?  Treaty of Paris calls for annexation  How did the Filipinos react? ▪ Angry ▪ US becomes like Spain ▪ Puts rebels in camps—poor sanitation, starvation, diseases, thousands die ▪ After 3 years of war ▪ Philippines set up like Puerto Rico ▪ On July 4, 1946, becomes independent

7.  Europeans set up “spheres of influence”  China was a large potential market  John Hay—Open Door Notes ▪ Share trading rights with US  Chinese want “foreign devils” out ▪ Boxer Rebellion ▪ Europeans and US put down rebellion

8.  More Open Door Notes:  US safeguard “equal & impartial” trade with China and world  Reflects deeply held beliefs: ▪ US economic growth needs exports ▪ US has right to intervene ▪ Any area closed to US products, people, ideas threatens US survival  Policies strongly favor US interests over other foreign countries.

10.  With the assassination of McKinley (1901), Teddy Roosevelt becomes president  As president, Teddy…  Negotiates the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) ▪ Ends the Russo-Japanese War ▪ Nobel Peace Prize  Helps get the Panama Canal built  Adds his Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine…

11.  Issued in 1823 by President James Monroe  Demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations ▪ Trying to keep European powers out of our hemisphere  Roosevelt was worried because many Latin American nations were going in debt to European banks

12.  Roosevelt added his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine  Not only should Europe stay out of Latin America, but the US would use force to protect its own interests there  Based on his philosophy:  “Speak softly and carry a big stick” ▪ Whatever you say, you must be willing to back up with force if necessary

14.  Used under Taft:  Policy of using the US government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople  Use economic power to influence other countries

15.  Under Woodrow Wilson  US had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests  Not just recognizing any government that controlled the nation anymore

16.  Porfirio Díaz—military dictator who ruled Mexico  Friend of the US  Uprising by Mexican people against Díaz  General Victoriano Huerta takes over government ▪ Wilson & US government won’t recognize him

17.  Wilson & the US wait for an opportunity to intervene in Mexico  1914—Group of American sailors arrested in Tampico ▪ Released quickly, but it was the excuse we were waiting for  US occupies Veracruz ▪ Now US and Mexico near war  While the US and Huerta cannot come to an agreement, Huerta’s regime collapsed and he was replaced by Venustiano Carranza  Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government

18.  But not all Mexican people support Carranza  Francisco “Pancho” Villa  Emiliano Zapata  Villa threatens US when they recognize Carranza’s government  Villa shot American engineers traveling to operate mines in Mexico  His followers cross into New Mexico and kill 17 Americans

19.  John J. Pershing sent to Mexico with 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa  Searches for over a year  Military clashes with Mexican troops ▪ War seems imminent  Finally called home  Carranza rules until 1920 when he is eventually replaced by a more moderate leader & the Mexican Civil War ends