1. Soap

2. Objectives 1. Learn how to make soap 2. Understand how soaps work 3. Have a soap making competition

3. Making soaps Soaps are made from fatty acids and metallic ions such as sodium They are made by combining strong alkalis such as sodium or potassium hydroxide with oils or fats.

4. What is a lipid?

5. What is a fatty acid? Can you give them IUPAC names?

6. Chemical Reaction 2 stages 1. fatty acids are separated from their glycerol chain 2. The alkali reacts with the fatty acid producing a metalic carboxylate salt and water.

7. Diagram

8. How soaps work 2. The soap disocciates into sodium and carboxylate ions: Which is positive and which negative? (see slide 7) 2. Carboxylates have hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends What does this mean? Which end is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic? 3. The hydrophilic ends come together to form clusters called micelles in water. Soap is an emulsifying agent: what does this mean? 1.

9. How soaps work 2 5. The carboxylate chains form micelle balls with hydrophilic surfaces All have the same charge – what is it and what does this mean one micelle ball does to another? 6. Grease and oil attract dirt. Grease and oil are non- polar so they will not dissolve in what? But they will mix with the non-polar hydrophobic carbon chains of the carboxylate ions and micelles, so the grease and dirt is ………..

10. Lab session We will make soap in the lab using coconut oil. But we could use other oils We could add essential oils to provide scent And colours We could mould to different shapes

11. Competition Each table must design and develop their own soap. Consider these Brand name Shape Colour Scent Target market Publicity materials Cost to make and to be sold Packaging

12. Rubric marksProduct quality Marks x 2 CostsMarketing strategy 1FailedNone 2Basic hard soapA cost givenA target market identified 3Some attempt to colour or scent and brand name A price worked outSome advertising material 4Good product with an element missing Economics explained with some questions Clear campaign strategy 5Scented shaped coloured soap atractively packaged Cost and price clearly explained Effective marketing strategy supported by quality publicity