1. CHEMISTRY World of Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste

2. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Liquids and Solids

3. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Figure 14.1: Representations of the gas, liquid, and solid states.

4. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 Figure 14.2: Intermolecular forces exist between molecules. Bonds exist within molecules.

5. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.5 Figure 14.3: (a) Interaction of two polar molecules. (b) Interaction of many dipoles in a liquid.

6. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.6 Figure 14.4: Polar water molecules.

7. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.7 Figure 14.4: Hydrogen bonding among water molecules.

8. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 Figure 14.5: The boiling points of covalent hydrides.

9. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 Figure 14.6: Atoms with spherical electron probability.

10. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.10 14.6: The atom on the left develops an instantaneous dipole.

11. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 Figure 14.6: Instantaneous dipole on A induces a dipole on B.

12. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 Figure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or cooled at a constant rate.

13. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 Figure 14.8: Both liquid water and gaseous water contain H 2 O molecules.

14. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14 Figure 14.9: Microscopic view of a liquid near its surface.

15. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.15 Figure 14.10: Behavior of a liquid in a closed container.

16. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 Figure 14.11: (a) Measuring vapor of a liquid by using a simple barometer. (b) The water vapor pushed the mercury level down. (c) Diethyl ether shows a higher vapor pressure than water.

17. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.17 Figure 14.12: Water rapidly boiling on a stove.

18. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 Figure 14.13: Bubble expands as H 2 O molecules enter.

19. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 Figure 14.14: The formation of the bubble is opposed by atmospheric pressure.

20. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.20 Figure 14.15: Sodium and chloride ions.

21. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.21 Figure 14.17: The classes of crystalline solids.

22. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22 Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of diamond.

23. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.23 Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of sodium chloride.

24. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.24 Figure 14.18: A molecular solid.

25. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.25 Figure 14.19: The packing of Cl¯ and Na + ions in solid sodium chloride.

26. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.26 Figure 14.21: A representation of part of the structure of solid phosphorus.

27. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.27 Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of brass.

28. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.28 Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of steel.