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Matter and Change Ms. Miller 8 th SSI
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A) Classification of Matter Review of prior knowledge: Talk with your shoulder partner, how is matter classified?
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Some Criteria for the Classification of Matter Properties State (solid, liquid, gas) Composition
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Properties Intensive -DOES NOT depend on amount of matter. Extensive -DOES depend on amount of matter present.
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Intensive and Extensive Properties Sulfur
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Properties Physical: observed without without changing the composition of the substance. Chemical: the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change
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Examples of Physical Properties Color, odor, hardness, density, melting point, boiling point, state, solubility.
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SubstanceStateColor Melting Point (C°) Boiling Point (C°) Density (g/cm 3 ) OxygenO2O2 GasColorless-218-1830.0014 MercuryHgLiquidSilvery- white -3935713.5 BromineBr 2 LiquidRed-brown-7593.12 WaterH2OH2OLiquidColorless01001.00 Sodium Chloride NaClSolidWhite80114132.17 Example: Physical Properties
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States of Matter Solid fixed shape and volume, incompressible Liquid fixed volume, takes the shape of its container Gas takes the volume and shape of its container
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Solid Liquid Gas http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html
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Bromine Gas (Vapor) Liquid
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Change of Phase Meltingsolid liquid Condensationgas liquid Freezingliquid solid Evaporationliquid gas Sublimationsolid gas Boiling: Evaporation occurring beneath the liquid’s surface.
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Is changing phase a physical or chemical change? Review of prior knowledge: Talk with your shoulder partner and be prepared to share out
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Classification of Matter (by composition)
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(Pure) Substance Matter that has a uniform and definite composition. Elements Compounds
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Mixture: a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Homogeneous Heterogeneous
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Mixtures Homogeneous Heterogeneous
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Homogeneous mixture (solution) Uniform composition throughout. One phase.
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Copper II Sulfate and its solution in water.
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Example: Stainless Steel A homogeneous mixture of: -Iron (Fe) -Chromium (Cr) -Nickel (Ni)
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Example: Gaseous Mixture Elements argon and nitrogen and a compound (water vapor).
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Heterogeneous Mixtures Non-uniform composition throughout the mixture Two or more phases. Example: Oil and vinegar
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Note: Mixtures can be physically separated. Mixtures exhibit physical properties similar to the components of the mixture.
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Separation Methods Use differences in the physical properties of the components of the mixture.
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Example: Separate iron filings from sulfur using a magnet.
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Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
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Distillation: - separate dissolved solids from a liquid -uses boiling and condensation.
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Distillation of Crude Oil (Refining) Crude Oil is a mixture of Hydrocarbons
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Distillation of Crude Oil
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c) Elements and Compounds
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Elements The simplest substances. Can not be separated into simpler substances. Building blocks of all matter. More than 100 known elements. Represented by chemical symbols.
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Chemical Symbols of Elements System started by Jons Berzelius (Sweden, 1779-1848) One or two first letters of name of the element. Many elements names have roots from: Latin, Greek, mythology, geography, names of scientists.
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Examples: Americium, Am Einsteinium, Es Bromine, Br Helium, He Lead(Plumbum), Pb Niobium, Nb Iron (Ferrum), Fe Mendelevium, Md
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Compound A substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined. Compounds have different properties from the individual substances. (Ex: H 2 O)
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Example: H 2 O
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Substance or mixture? If composition is fixed and may not change substance
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d) Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
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H 2 O composition is fixed- compound Gaseous PhaseLiquid Phase
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Chemical Properties The ability of a substance to transform into a new substance (to undergo a chemical change). Example: Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
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Magnesium Mg
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Burning of Magnesium 2Mg+ O 2 2MgO
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Physical Changes Physical change: a change in the physical properties of a substance. Composition does not change. May be reversible or irreversible. Examples: Reversible: Irreversible:
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Chemical Change A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter. Atoms rearrange themselves into new combinations.
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Burning of Methane CH 4 +2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O
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Recognizing a Chemical Change energy exchange production of a gas color change formation of a precipitate
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Formation of a Precipitate Cu(OH) 2 Precipitate
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The Law of Conservation of Mass (Antoine Lavoisier) In any chemical or physical change, mass is neither created or destroyed Mass is CONSTANT
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