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Organic Chemistry. Standard 10. Ms. Siddall.. Standard 10a Organic chemistry = The study of organic compounds, which are compounds containing carbon.

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Presentation on theme: "Organic Chemistry. Standard 10. Ms. Siddall.. Standard 10a Organic chemistry = The study of organic compounds, which are compounds containing carbon."— Presentation transcript:

1 Organic Chemistry. Standard 10. Ms. Siddall.

2 Standard 10a Organic chemistry = The study of organic compounds, which are compounds containing carbon. There are over 16 million carbon compounds! There are over 16 million carbon compounds!

3 Summary 1 Which compounds are organic? Which compounds are organic? C 3 H 8 C 3 H 8 Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 SO 2 SO 2 C 2 H 5 O C 2 H 5 O

4 Organic molecules Hydrocarbon: An organic molecule composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbon: An organic molecule composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Example: gasoline, methane. Example: gasoline, methane. Polymer: A large organic molecule consisting of repeating units called monomers. Polymer: A large organic molecule consisting of repeating units called monomers. Example: plastic, protein. Example: plastic, protein.

5 Summary 2 Which compounds are hydrocarbons? Which compounds are hydrocarbons? C 3 H 8 C 3 H 8 Ca(OH) 2 Ca(OH) 2 NO 2 NO 2 C 22 H 46 C 22 H 46

6 Polymer: Plastic Monomer  Polymer  CC H HH H CC H HH H CC H HH H CC H HH H CC H HH H HH

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8 Starch = polysaccharide (polymer) Starch = polysaccharide (polymer) sugar molecule = monomer sugar molecule = monomer Polymer: Starch

9 Summary 3 What is a polymer? What is a polymer? Give an example. Give an example.

10 Carbon: Carbon: A unique atom A unique atom 4 valence electrons 4 valence electrons forms 4 bonds. forms 4 bonds. forms over 16 million compounds….. forms over 16 million compounds….. Standard 10b C electrons

11 Summary 4 Why is carbon a unique atom? Why is carbon a unique atom?

12 Carbon: e.x. Methane e.x. Methane Four single covalent bonds: Four single covalent bonds: Shape = tetrahedral. Shape = tetrahedral. C H HH H 2 electrons = 1 bond

13 Carbon: e.x. Formaldehyde. e.x. Formaldehyde. One double covalent bond: One double covalent bond: Shape = trigonal planar. Shape = trigonal planar. CH O H 4 electrons = 2 bonds = double bond

14 Carbon: e.x. Carbon dioxide e.x. Carbon dioxide two double covalent bonds two double covalent bonds Shape = linear. Shape = linear. C O O

15 e.x. Hydrogen cyanide e.x. Hydrogen cyanide One triple covalent bond One triple covalent bond Shape = linear Shape = linear Carbon: C H N

16 Summary 5 What is the shape of methanone ? What is the shape of methanone ? C O H H

17 Amino Acids: Proteins are polymers Proteins are polymers Amino acids are monomers Amino acids are monomers combine with peptide bond. (polypeptide) combine with peptide bond. (polypeptide) One molecule of water is produced when a peptide bond is formed (= dehydration) One molecule of water is produced when a peptide bond is formed (= dehydration) Standard 10c

18 Unique function of amino acids and proteins depends on shape and properties. Unique function of amino acids and proteins depends on shape and properties. Example: cysteine, glutamine, and glycine combine to remove toxins from the body. Example: cysteine, glutamine, and glycine combine to remove toxins from the body. Glycine Glutamine cystein

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20 Summary 6 What are the monomers that make up proteins? What are the monomers that make up proteins?

21 DNA Polymer Polymer Formed from nucleic acids (monomers) Formed from nucleic acids (monomers) Contains ‘phosphate backbone’ (= bonds) Contains ‘phosphate backbone’ (= bonds) hydrogen bonds connect strands to form a double helix hydrogen bonds connect strands to form a double helix DNA contains the ‘blueprint’ for building proteins DNA contains the ‘blueprint’ for building proteins

22 Summary 7 What is DNA made up of? What is DNA made up of?

23 Standard 10D: know the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring.

24 Naming organic compounds. Carbons Root name 1Meth 2Eth 3Prop 4But 5Pent 6Hex 7Hept 8Oct 9Non 10Dec ending Single bond -ane Double bond -ene Triple bond -yne

25 Examples: C H HH H C H H Methane Methane Ethane Ethane C H H H H Propane C H H C H H H H C H H

26 Honors summary 1 Name this compound: Name this compound: C H C H H H H C H H H C H H

27 C H H H C H H H Name = ethane Name = ethene Name = ethyne Examples: C H HC H H C HCH

28 Honors summary 2 Name this compound: Name this compound: C C H H H H C H H

29 Benzene ring CC CC CC H H H H H H shorthand

30 Rules 1. Name the ‘parent’ chain (the longest chain) 2. Use number to denote bond if necessary 3. number the branch (end in –yl) and add as a prefix 2-methylpentane 2-pentene

31 Honors summary 3 Draw: Draw: 3-methyl hexane 3-methyl hexane Propyne Propyne

32 Standard 10E: identify the functional groups that form the basis of alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids. Copy table 23.1 from page 726. Add two extra columns for an example Omit the first and last row

33 examples Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH Alcohol in liquor Diethyl ether CH 3 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 anesthetic Formaldehyde CH 2 O Embalming fluid Acetone CH 3 COCH 3 Nail polish remover Acetic acid CH 3 COOH vinegar Methyl pentanoate CH 3 COOC 5 H 11 Banana flavor Glycine COOHCH 2 NH 3 Amino acid

34 Honors summary 4 What type of compound is this? What type of compound is this? C H C H H H H C O H

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