1. The Byzantine Empire, Russians & Turks
Chapters 11 CE

2. REVIEW – in Ch. 6 we learned the Western roman empire crumbled in the 5th century as it was overrun by Germantic tribes. The eastern empire remained Byzantium.

3. A New Rome Byzantium – the Eastern half
Justinian CE
Emperor of East
Regains Italy, parts of Spain
and North Africa from
Germanic tribes
Empress Theodora – Justinian
changed laws to marry her
Absolute Power
Empire & Church
Brutal Politics
Often assassinated
½ died or fled (emperors)
Justinian took rome, but fighting between germantic tribes and byzantines continued. – eventually took over all of Italy – 38 years
Theodora – most powerful woman in byzantine empire – Co Emperor – prostitute

5. Life in the New Rome Unique Byzantine’s Character
Share Roman Tradition
Spoke Greek
Preserves Greco- Roman
Education
Christianity
Legal experts
Regulate complex society
Justinian Code – single,
uniform code of law
Greco-roman
Valued Education – students focused on greek and latin grammer and philosophy
Unifying the west and east made the empire complex. Justinian felt he needed a better way to rule. Got a panel of legal experst to regulate. The panel combed thru 400 years of roman law and found a number of laws were outdated and contradictory.
They created a single uniform code called justinian Code that consisted of 4 works

6. Justinian Code 400 yrs. of Roman Law
1. CODE Roman laws
2. DIGEST- quotes and summaries of Rome’s legal thinkers.
3. INSTITUTES- told students how to use the laws
4. NOVELLAE- new laws made after 534 CE
All three parts, even the textbook, were given force of law. They were intended to be, together, the sole source of law; reference to any other source, including the original texts from which the Code and the Digest had been taken, was forbidden. Nonetheless, Justinian found himself having to enact further laws and today these are counted as a fourth part of the Corpus, the Novellae Constitutiones
The code contained nearly 5000 roman laws that were still considered useful for the byzantine empire
The Digest quoted and summerized the opinions of rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the laws. 50 volumes!
The institutes was a textbook and told law students how to use the laws.
The novellae (new laws) presented legislation passed after 534 CE

7. Life in the New Rome Rebuilding Constantinople
Hagia Sophia – Christian churches
Major market place
World Trade
Hippodrome
Free entertainment
Copied Rome
Baths, aqueducts, law schools/courts, hospitals
While his scholars were creating legal code, justinian launched the most ambitious public building program ever seen
He rebuilt walls around contantinople
Saw churches as a visable sign to the relationship between church and government
Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom)
Built baths etc.….
Main st in Constantinople – food stands, merchants from all over world.
Hippodrome – whild chariot races and performing acts
60,000 people
Groups of people formed and wore colors of their heros

8. Hagia Sophia
Built in 537 CE and served as a Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Cathedral until 1453.
Was converted to a roman catholic cathedral from
Became a mosque in
Then opened at a museum in 1935
Famous for its massive dome, and considered the epitome of byzantine architecture.
Built by brick and mortar
102 ft 6 inches in diameter and 182ft 5 inches high

9. Fall of the Empire Justinian Dies 565 Plague of Justinian Attacks
10,000 die per day
On and off for 150yrs
Attacks
From East & West
Bribes to keep empire together
Marriage alliances, bribes, military power
Justinian dies in 565; empire faces many crises after his death
Bubonic plague
From India on ships infested with rats. In 542, at its worst, 10,000 died a day. Finally faded by 700 CE
After Justinians death in 565 the byzantine empire suffered numerous setbacks including street riots, religious quarreling, invaders
Get over 1 and another would come
Constant attacks from foreign enemies – persian, arab, russian
Used bribes to keep enemies at bay.

10. More Results of the Fall
Empire continues to shrink
By 1453 falls to Ottoman Turks
Empire shrinks by 1350, just tip of anatolia and a stip of the balkans. Constantinople held for another 100 years until it fell to ottoman turks in 1453.
- Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes

11. Christian Church Divides Official Split in 11th Century – Pope and Patriarch excommunicate eachother
Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic
Greek or local language
Patriarchs & Bishops work together to lead church
Priests may marry
Divorce is allowed under certain conditions
Icons banned (temporarily)
Latin
Pope is authority in church
Priests cannot marry
Divorce not permitted
Virgin Mary & Crucifix
Christianity began to develop differently in the east and west, largely due to distance and lack of contact between the two regions.
Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines
Ultimately split church in 1054 CE
Both believe in the gospel of Jesus and in the bible as interpreted by THEIR church. Both believe in Sacraments (visable signs of something sacred…ie water used in baptism is a sign of gods power to clean people of their sins.
Today – Roman Catholic have more than a billion members, Russian eastern orthodox has 90 million members

12. Cyrillic Alphabet Orthodox missionaries converted Slavs.
New alphabet in local languages to enable the reading of Christian Bible.
Where is it still used today?
The 2 christian traditions competed for converts.
Othodox converted the Slavs. (northern people)
2 missionaries St. Methodis & St. Cyril invented alphabet to help slavs read bible.
Many slavic langues still use cryrillic today (russian)

13. Russia’s Birth Emergence of Russian Culture Slavs and Vikings
Slavic + Greek/Byzantine traditions = Russian culture.
Slavs and Vikings
Vikings settle among Slavs
800s
Vikings and Slavs mix cultures and become one.
Byzantium trades with Slavs
Eventually Slavic and Greek traditions produce Russian culture

14. Russia’s Birth City of Kiev – can reach
Constantinople by river/sea = Trade
Kiev Becomes Orthodox
Kievan Russia
Vladimir expands Russia
Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise rules Kiev in 1019.
Princess Olga of Kiev visits Constantinople and converts to Christianity
Her grandson, Vladimir, becomes leader of Kiev around 980 – has three teams sent out to observe religions of the time (Islam, Judaism, Western Christianity)
In 989, Vladimir has all Kiev citizens baptized in the Dnieper River
Beliefs and traditions of Orthodox Christianity flourish in Kiev

15. Russian Empire Yaroslav the Wise The Crusades
1019- Kiev (Modern Ukraine)
Marriage alliances w/ W. Europe
Legal code- commerce
Divided empire among his sons
Bad move - Created instability
The Crusades
Muslims & Christians clash over holy land – disrupted trade
Led kiev to even greater glory
Married off daughters and sisters to the kings and princes of western europe. Helped forge improtant trading alliances
Created legal code tailored to kiev’s commerical culture – many of the rules dealt with crimes agains property
Built libraries and churches
Yarloslav died and delcine started to happen…divided empire between sons. Fighting for best lands…
Muslims and christians fight over holy lands of middle east.
Leaves room for Mongols to invade from central asia.

16. Mongol Invasion Golden Horde 1200’s – Genghis Khan
Mongols invade from Central Asia (nomadic)
Brutal & Savage Horsemen
Golden Horde
Batu (grandson)
Demolish Kiev (1240 ce)
“no eye remianed to weep”
Demand $$ & Absolute Obedience
Allow local customs and religions
Rule for 200 years, isolation from W. Europe
Demanded huge amounts of money and absolute obidience, demolish kiev,
Russians could follow all their usual customs as long as they didn’t rebel. Mongols were fierce/brutal but tolerated all religions

17. Russia Breaks Free Moscow founded in 1100s
Strategic position on 3 rivers
Ivan I – crushes rebellions against Mongols, becomes
tax collector (Ivan Moneybags), enlarges territory through war, land purchases, marriage, trickery, etc.
Moscow’s Powerful Princes
Moscow’s princes grow strong under Mongol rule throughout the 1300s
An Empire Emerges
Late 1400s Ivan III becomes prince of Moscow; challenges Mongol rule
Takes the name czar, Russian for “Caesar”, and vows to restore Russia
Russian and Mongol armies face off at Ugra River in 1480
Both armies retreat and Russia gains freedom from Mongol rule

18. Ivan III Becomes prince of Moscow in 1400s
Openly challenges Mongol rule
Takes the name czar and vows to restore Russia
Russia gains freedom in 1480 – refuses to pay tribute = standoff. Mongols just leave.

19. The Turks Muslim empire controlled this area
Turks were a nomadic people – had lived in the region for centuries – interacted with Muslim empire (raids, trade, Turkish children bought as slaves)
Known for military skills
Began converting to Islam and slowly migrating into weakened Islamic empire in 10th century

20. Seljuk Turks Attacked and captured Baghdad (Persian)
Attacked the Byzantine Empire (did not take Constantinople)
Adopted Persian culture and learning

21. Crusades
Crusades – W. Europe tries to recover Jerusalem and drive the Turks out of Anatolia
Armies go through Constantinople and capture Jerusalem 1099 – massacre Muslims and Jews – Latin Chrisian kingdom lasts about a century
Saladin (Muslim turk) takes back Jerusalem 1187 – signs treaty with Richard I of England

23. Mongols and Turks Mongols take Baghdad in 1258 – more brutality
Mongol empire crumbled after a few generations – rise of the Ottoman Empire follows