1. Chapter 5 Lesson 2 Life in Ancient Egypt p. 108 EQ : What makes the Egyptian culture unique? In other words, how is this culture different from the Mesopotamian empires we have already studied? Culture – ways of life; beliefs (government and religions) and interests (skills, artwork, and inventions) Unique – being the only one of its kind; not like any other

2. Egypt’s Early Rulers p. 108 A. c. 2600 BC began the Old Kingdom, lasting for about 400 years. c.3100 BC c.2600 BC ____???_____ Narmer Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom unites Egypt began began During the Old Kingdom: B. Trade increased, causing a unified government and building of cities C. First Egyptian rulers were kings, later called pharaohs. Pharaoh means “great house” Turn and Talk: Make connections between the terms: pharaoh, great house, Narmer, & dynasty

3. Pharaoh as Political Leader p. 108 - 109 A. Theocracy is when the political leader and the religious leader are the same. Egyptians were fiercely loyal to the pharaoh because they believed that a strong ruler unified their kingdom. The pharaoh held total power! He issued commands that had to be obeyed Wisdom and far-reaching leadership would help their kingdom survive disasters like war and famine B. Pharaoh appointed government officials, bureaucrats to oversee his commands. 1.Supervised construction and repair of dams 2.Irrigation canals 3.Brick granaries C. Pharaoh owned all the land, so Taxes of grain were collected to pay for building projects Distributed land to officials, priests, and wealthy Egyptians whom he favored

4. Pharaoh as Religious Leader p. 109-110 Theocracy is when the political leader and the religious leader are the same. D. Egyptians believed the pharaoh was the son of Re, Egyptian sun god. Believed their pharaoh was a god on earth who protected Egypt. To honor him in public, people played music on flutes and cymbals and bowed their heads E. They had to make laws, fight battles, and carry out religious ceremonies to help the kingdom thrive. F. They were blamed if crops did not grow or disease spread. Example ceremonies: The pharaoh rode a bull around Memphis because the Egyptians believed that this would help keep the soil fertile. The pharaoh also was the first person to cut the ripened grain at harvest time to produce abundant crops.

5. A. Religion played a major role in Egyptian daily life. At first each city-state had their own god but eventually it became more organized. Temples were built to honor the gods. B. Egyptians were polytheistic (like the Mesopotamians, but Egyptians thought theirs were more powerful) Deities – gods and goddesses that controlled natural forces and human activities Egyptians depended on the sun to grow crops and the Nile River for fertile soil – so, most important gods were the sun god Re and the river god Hapi Deity appearance resembled both human and animal forms Other Important and Famous Egyptian gods include: Osiris- god of the underworld; Isis- goddess of magic and life; his wife; representing faithful wife and mother Thoth – god of learning Horus- god of the sky; child of Osiris and Isis; is thought to have a connection to Narmer -- go falcons!! Religion in Egypt: The Gods of Egypt p. 110

6. Religion in Egypt pp. 110-112 Emphasis on the Afterlife Burial Practices C. Egyptians believed in the afterlife. They believed that life after death would be even better than the present life. After a long journey, the dead arrived at a place of peace. D. They believed every person had a life form called “ka” (similar to a soul) When a person died the spirit or “ka” left the body but lived at the burial site. E. When people died they were buried with things they thought they would need in the afterlife, like furniture, art, jewelry, clothes and food. Thoughts about the afterlife shaped burial practices. F. In order to keep the “ka” happy the body had to be well preserved. They believed that the body needed to be protected in order for the “ka” to complete the journey to the afterlife. If the body decayed after death, the “ka” would not have a place to live and would not survive in the afterlife. G. They embalmed the bodies and made them into mummies. Priests removed the organs, stored them in jars buried with the body. Then the priests covered the body with a salt called natron which dried up all the water in the body causing it to shrink. The body was then filled with spices and tightly wrapped with long strips of linen (mummy). The mummy was sealed in a coffin and placed in a decorated tomb. This took weeks to do but was suppose to keep you happy in the afterlife. Only Egyptian elite, rich people had nice tombs or pyramids. Poor was buried in caves or in the sand. Even animals were embalmed – pets were sacred creatures that honored their gods and goddesses.

7. Anubis is the Greek name for a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in Egyptian mythology.

8. A. Book of the Dead p. 111 One of the most important writings of ancient Egypt contained prayers and magic spells to prepare for the afterlife. After a long journey, the dead arrived at a place of peace Osiris would greet you at the gate to the afterlife. If you knew the spell and lived a good life, you got in.

9. Medical Skills p. 112 Turn and Talk What do you think Egyptians learned about the human body by embalming? _______________

10. Medical Skills p. 112 Turn and Talk What do you think Egyptians learned about the human body by embalming? anatomy internal organs blood circulation other?

11. Medical Skills p. 112 Sewed up cuts and set broken bones First to use splints, bandages, and compresses First medical books -- Used papyrus scrolls to write down medical information/records

12. The Pyramids A. Burial sites played an important part in the Egyptian afterlife. B. Egyptians built amazing tombs to honor their rulers. C. Most pyramids and temples were built (with taxes collected from people) during the Old Kingdom, about 2000 years before Christ was born. D. Some are still standing today, The most famous are the Pyramids at Giza built for Khufu pharaoh from the 4 th dynasty in the Old Kingdom. E. The Egyptians were considered among the best engineers of the ancient world. F. They wanted to keep their pharaohs happy in the afterlife because they believed the pharaoh controlled everyone else’s afterlife.

13. 3-2-1 Turn and Talk EQ : What makes the Egyptian culture unique? Culture – ways of life; beliefs (government and religions) and interests (skills, artwork, and inventions) Unique – being the only one of its kind; not like any other Religion: * 3 * * Skills, Artwork, Inventions: 2 * * Government: 1 *