1. Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward

2. Chapter 2: Europe Looks Outward  Section 1: Age of Exploration Section 1: Age of Exploration  Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas  Section 3: Europeans Compete in America Section 3: Europeans Compete in America  Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America

3. Section 1: Age of Exploration  The Vikings were the earliest people from Europe and Asia sailing to the Americas. Evidence shows these trips were rare, if they occurred at all.  Lief Erickson, a Viking, in 1001 sailed to the northern tip of North America. They settled in a town they called Vinland which is present day New Foundland.

4. Section 1: Age of Exploration  First Visitors From Europe The Voyages of Columbus  Columbus intended to reach Asia  Gained financing from Spain after Portugal refused Setting Sail  @90 men, three ships, and 170 miles per day  Land was sighted on October 12, 1492  Columbus sailed around what today are the lesser and greater Antilles, Bahamas, landing at Hispaniola and Cuba meeting Tainos Spain backs more voyages  Columbus named governor of all he had claimed In September 1493 he returned with many ships, soldiers, and settlers, continues to explore, lands in South America in 1498 Columbus dies in 1506, still convinced he had found Asia

5. Section 1: Age of Exploration  The Continuing Search for Asia Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513)  Spanish settler in the Caribbean, explored Panama, first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He claimed it for Spain Ferdinand Magellan (1519)  Continued the search for a water route to Asia with 3 ships  Followed the South American coast for more than a year looking for a strait  Eventually they rounded the southern tip of South America Became known as the Straits of Magellan  Landed in the Philippines Magellan and most of his men were killed 18 men returned in 1 ship First to circumnavigate the globe

6. Section 1: Age of Exploration

8.  The Columbian Exchange Transfer of people, products, and ideas between hemispheres  Both positive and negative exchanges Positive  Europeans brought cows, hogs, wheat and oats  Americans returned llamas, squirrels, muskrats, corn Negative - Thousands of Americans died from diseases

9. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas  Spanish Conquistadors Cortés and Pizarro  Both used similar methods to take the land from the Incas and Aztecs  The enemy of my enemy is my friend Why were the Spanish victorious?  Technology and Timing Horses, muskets, armor, cannon vs. spears, knives, bows Aztecs were hated by other tribes, Inca had just finished a civil war Conquest of the Aztecs 1518 Aztecs spotted sailors in ships in Gulf of Mexico. The emperor Montezuma thought the Spanish were sent to them by their gods. The Spanish sailors led by Herando Cortez wanted the Aztec gold. The Spanish defeated the Aztecs and destroyed their city.

10. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas  A few years later, Francisco Pizzaro, a conquistador, conquered the Incas. He captured and executed the Incan emperor Atahualpa.  The Aztecs and Incas were easily defeated by the Spanish because they did not have guns, swords, cannons, horses, and armor.

11. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas  Spanish Explorers in North America Florida (Named for the beautiful flowers seen)  1513 – Ponce de Leon sailed north from Puerto Rico  First Spaniard to set foot in what became America  Tales of golden cities led other explorers north from Mexico

12. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas  Francisco Coronado 1540, Francisco Coronado explored southwest in search of the famous “Seven Cities of gold” in the area of the Grand Canyon today

13. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas  Hernado De Soto 1539 discovered the Mississippi River

14. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas  Colonizing Spanish America  Plantations – large farms worked by laborers who lived on the property.  Encomiendas – land grants that included the rights to demand labor or taxes from the Native Americans Law of the Indies permitted 3 types settlements:  Missions – religious settlements to convert Indians to Christianity  Pueblo – civilian town for farming & trade  Presidio – military settlement, forts

15. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas Society on the Spanish Colonies (4 Social Classes)  Peninsulares – colonists who had been born in Spain government workers in New Spain  Creoles – welathiest colonists born in America of 2 Spanish parents  Mestizos – mixed Spanish and Indian blood. Farmers worked on land owned by Creoles  Mulattos – Spanish and African heritage. Poverty for hundreds of years Mestizos Mulattos Wealthier Peninsulares Creoles

16. Section 3: Europeans Compete in America  Conflicts in Europe Religious Conflict  By 1530 many countries had split with the Roman Catholic Church and followed Protestant teachings  John Calvin influenced Protestant Teachings  Henry VIII of England broke with the Catholic Church because they would not grant him a divorce Economic Conflict  Religious tensions and wars caused European nations to depend only on themselves  Brought out Mercantilism Colonies existed to make the home country wealthy and powerful

17. Section 3: Europeans Compete in America  Mercantilism

18. Section 3: Europeans Compete in America The Spanish Armada  Protestant English Queen Elizabeth I renewed tensions with Catholic Spain  Phillip of Spain sent 130 warships to England in hopes of forcing Elizabeth from the throne in 1588  English ships met the Armada off the coast of France Less than half of Spain’s ships returned  The defeat of Spain and the shift of power allowed England and France to begin colonizing the Americas  Asia Continues to Beckon The Northern Voyages  In 1497, Italian explorer John Cabot claimed a northern route rather than southern to Asia would be shorter and easier

19. Section 3: Europeans Compete in America  Cabot (with English funding) sailed west across the Atlantic and explored Newfoundland – possibly even as far south as the Chesapeake Bay  Europeans realized that Cabot had been not to Asia, but to an unexplored land  England, France and Holland all sent explorers to the new land in search of a Northwest Passage Water route through or around North America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific  Many explorers searched for this passage including Giovanni Verrazano 1524 discovered the Carolinas Jaques Cartier 1530s sailed up St. Lawrence River to Canada Henry Hudson 1609 sailed into New York Harbor

20. Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America  New France Life in New France  Differed from New Spain New FranceNew Spain Profited from fur and fish Traded with Native Americans Treated Natives with respect, almost as equals Sought precious metals Forced Native Americans into labor Interested in changing the culture and religion of Natives

21. Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America  Employees from fur companies used canoes to travel up and down rivers Coureurs de bois – runners of the woods 1605, 1 st permanent French colony settled by Samuel Champlain, Port royal  Negotiated with Native Americans for furs and fish Many settled in Native American villages and married Native American women Exploring the Mississippi  Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet Found a water route from the north to the gulf of Mexico

22. Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America  New Netherland  The Dutch also hoped to profit in America.  1626, Peter Minuit founded land along the Hudson River Valley (present day New York and NYC)  He purchased Manhattan from the Natives and named it New Amsterdam. The entire colony was named New Netherland  The Dutch & French formed alliances with the local Native Americans. Agreed to help each other.  Many Ditch customs were brought here like Christmas and Ice Skating. Dutch also brought African slaves to build their colonies..  Dutch lands were based on Henry Hudson’s explorations Dutch lands were a barrier to English expansion to the west  King James (of England) granted these Dutch lands to his brother the Duke of York When he took the lands over, they were renamed in his honor

23. Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America

24.  The Impact on Native Americans Long before Europeans came, Native American groups had disagreements The Iroquois and Huron were enemies The Iroquois had alliances with the Dutch The Huron had alliances with the French  Both Dutch and French provided the Natives with Guns  Natives used those guns against each other As demand for fur decreased – the value of Native Americans to the Europeans decreased  The Europeans began to value their land more