1. Paramedic Care Principles & Practice Volume 1 Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Second Edition Chapter 8 General Principles of Pathophysiology

2. Figure 8-1 The cell. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

3. Figure 8-2 The three types of muscle. Skeletal muscle, also called voluntary muscle, is found throughout the body. Cardiac muscle is limited to the heart. Smooth muscle, occasionally called involuntary muscle, is found within the intestines and surrounding the blood vessels. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

4. Figure 8-3 Percentage of total body weight due to water as distributed into various fluid compartments. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

5. Figure 8-4 Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

6. Figure 8-5 Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of higher WATER concentration to an area of lesser WATER concentration. Because water is a solvent, it moves from an area of lower SOLUTE concentration to an area of higher SOLUTE concentration. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

7. Figure 8-6 Blood components. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

8. Figure 8-7 The percentage of the blood occupied by the red blood cells is termed the hematocrit. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

9. Figure 8-8 The effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions on red blood cells. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

10. Figure 8-9 Acid-base ratios relevant to pH. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

11. Figure 8-10 The respiratory component of acid-base balance. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

12. Figure 8-11 Compensation for metabolic acidosis begins with an increase in respirations. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

13. Figure 8-12 Components of the circulatory system. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

14. Figure 8-13 Glucose breakdown. (a) Stage one, glycolysis, is anaerobic (does not require oxygen). It yields pyruvic acid, with toxic byproducts such as lactic acid, and very little energy. (b) Stage two is aerobic (requires oxygen). In a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is degraded into carbon dioxide and water, which produces a much higher yield of energy. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

15. Figure 8-14 Humoral and cell-mediated immunity—an overview. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

16. Figure 8-15 (a) Humoral immune response. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

17. Figure 8-15 (Continued) (b) Cell-mediated immune response. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

18. Figure 8-16 Some immunoglobulin (antibody) structures. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

19. Figure 8-17 Antigen-antibody binding. The shape of the antigen fits the shape of the antigen-binding site on the immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule like a key in a lock. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

20. Figure 8-18 The physiology of cytotoxic T cells. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

21. Figure 8-19 Summary of the immune response. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

22. Figure 8-20 The inflammatory response. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

23. Figure 8-21 The acute inflammatory response. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

24. Figure 8-22 Mast cell degranulation and synthesis. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

25. Figure 8-23 The complement cascade. The classic pathway is activated at C1 while the alternative pathway is activated at C3. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

26. Figure 8-24 The coagulation cascade. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

27. Figure 8-25 The stress response: effects on the sympathetic nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

28. Figure 8-26 Interactions among the nerve, endocrine, and immune systems. Bryan E. Bledsoe, Robert S. Porter, and Richard A. Cherry Paramedic Care, Principles & Practice: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.