1. 23. November 2015 – Skibsteknisk Selskab
Environmental paradoxes of the new EEDI regulations for Ro-Ro ships leading to bad design of Ro-Ro ships
23. November 2015 – Skibsteknisk Selskab
PASSENGER SHIPS – now and in the future
Presented by:
Hans Otto Kristensen
Head of Maritime DTU

2. Content of the presentation
Fundamentals of the EEDI calculation procedure for Ro-Ro ships (rules and regulations)
Technical fundamentals of Ro-Ro passenger ships
Calculation example of a 1600 passenger Ro-Pax ship
Calculation example of a 400 passenger Ro-Pax ship
Summary of example calculations
Conclusions

3. The EEDI formulas (excl
The EEDI formulas (excl. equations for alternative propulsion means such as wind, solar power etc.) MEPC 245(66) – 4. April 2014
For Ro-Ro cargo ships and Ro-Ro passenger ships: Capacity is the maximum permissible deadweight For passenger ships and cruise passenger ships: Capacity is the Gross Tonnage (GT) in accordance with the internatinal Convention of Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969, Annex 1, Reg. 3

4. EEDI according to MARPOL Annex 6, Reg. 21
Attained EEDI <= Required EEDI x (1 – R)
Required EEDI:
Ro-Ro passenger ships: x DWT-0.351
Ro-Ro cargo ships: x DWT-0.498
DWT is the maximum permissible deadweight at
summer load draught
R depends on the keel laying date

5. Reduction factor R in percent for Ro-Ro ships
EEDI = (1 – R/100) ∙ EEDI baseline value
Ship type
Deadweight
Phase 0
1. Jan. 2013
31. Dec. 2014
Phase 1
1. Jan. 2015
31. Dec. 2019
Phase 2
1 Jan. 2020
31. Dec. 2024
Phase 3
1 Jan. 2025
Ro-Ro passenger
>1000 tons
n/a 5 20 30
250 – 1000 tons
0 – 5
0 – 20
0 – 30
Ro-Ro
cargo
>2000 tons
1000 – 2000 tons

7. Ro-Pax ships Design service speed versus EEDI ref. speed

8. Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro cargo ships according to MEPC 245(66)
Main engine power (PME) less than kW:
PAE = 0.05 x PME
Main engine power (PME) more than kW:
PAE = x PME
Reg :
For ships where the PAE value calculated by the above mentioned formulas is significantly different from the total power used at normal seagoing condition, the PAE value should be estimated by the consumed electric power (excluding propulsion) in conditions when the ship is engaged in a voyage at reference speed.

9. Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro pass. ships for ref
Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro pass. ships for ref. line calculations according to MEPC 65/22 Annex 14, p. 3 Aux. power at sea = 0.35 x installed aux. power Auxiliary power at sea = x GT0.732

10. Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro cargo ships according to MEPC 245(66)

11. fj correction factor for Ro-Ro ships MEPC. 245(66) – Annex 5 – Reg. 2

12. fc correction factor for Ro-Ro ships MEPC. 245(66) – Annex 5 – Reg. 2

13. EEDI fj and fc correction factors for Ro-Pax

14. Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships (Deadweight per passenger)

15. Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships (Lanemeter per passenger)

16. Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships (Lpp as function of passenger capacity)

17. Typical low cargo density Ro-pax ship (Pearl Seaways)

18. Typical high cargo density Ro-pax ship (Regina Seaways)

19. Ro-Pax ships Empirical calculation of gross tonnage GT

20. Ro-Pax ships Empirical calculation of gross tonnage GT

21. EXAMPLE No. 1 1600 passenger Ro-Pax ship with low cargo capacity
Main dimensions Capacity 1600 pass. Length between pp m Breadth m Maximum draught 5.89 m Depth to upper deck m Length of Ro-Ro lanes 1197 m Number of passenger cars 420 Number of berths 766 (48 % of pass.) Normal deadweight 4160 tons (3.5 t/lm) Lightship weight 9172 tons Normal displacement tons Block coefficient based on Lpp Gross tonnage GT Normal service speed 21.5 knots Engine power (MCR) kW Service speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin Main dimensions are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport

22. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Full deadweight

23. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Full deadweight – Auxiliary power based on GT

24. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers EEDI as function of deadweight

25. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers

26. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers 25 % dw reduction

27. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers 50% dw reduction

28. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers EEDI values at different design speeds and deadweight

29. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Speed exponent, N, as function of speed and block coefficient, Cb

30. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers CO2 per ton payload per nm at different design speeds and deadweight

31. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage

32. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

33. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

34. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

35. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

36. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Full deadweight – DUAL FUEL main engine

37. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

38. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

39. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

40. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

41. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of draught

42. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of draught

43. Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of draught

44. EXAMPLE No. 2 400 passenger Ro-Pax ship with high cargo capacity
Main dimensions Capacity 400 pass. Length between pp m Breadth m Maximum draught 6.07 m Depth to upper deck m Length of Ro-Ro lanes 1530 m Number of passenger cars 254 Number of berths 257 (64 % of pass.) Normal deadweight 5681 tons (3.7 t/lm) Lightship weight tons Normal displacement tons Block coefficient based on Lpp Gross tonnage GTNormal service speed 21.3 knots Engine power (MCR) kW Service speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin Main dimensions are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport

45. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers Full deadweight

46. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers EEDI as function of deadweight

47. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers

48. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers 25 % deadweight reduction

49. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers 50 % deadweight reduction

50. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers EEDI values at different design speeds and deadweight

51. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers Speed exponent, N, as function of speed and block coefficient, Cb

52. Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers CO2 per t payload per nm at different design speeds and deadweight

53. Quantitative conclusion/summary for Ro-Pax ships
The overall results of the two examples with different deadweight presented are shown in following table. The ship design consequences of the choice to reduce the deadweight for the actual ships to improve the EEDI fulfilment are also shown – unfortunately showing that the deadweight for the rolling cargo is seriously degraded

54. Conclusions for Ro-Pax ships
With the present formulation of the EEDI calculation procedure for Ro-Ro passenger ships (IMO Res. MEPC 245(66) – Annex 5), following conclusions can be drawn:
The calculated EEDI value does not reflect the real environmental performance of a Ro-Ro passenger ship
Reduction of the design speed increases the EEDI value, although the CO2 emissions per ton payload per nautical mile are reduced by lowering the speed
Slow steaming for Ro-Ro passenger ships is an environmental option for reduction of the carbon foot print, but not legally when judged from a purely EEDI point of view
Reduction of the deadweight is a way to reduce the EEDI value according to the present rules, such that the future requirements can be met, however resulting in poor ship designs with too small deadweight as a consequence such that only person cars and light cargo vans can be transported, but NO lorries
The EEDI formulas are fundamentally wrong and ship designers are not able to design efficient, environmentally friendly and future orientated ships for the Ro-Ro sector
DUAL FUEL is a possible solution for meeting the strict EEDI requirements

55. EXAMPLE No. 3 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship
Main dimensions Capacity 2000 lanemter Length between pp m Breadth m Maximum draught 6.41 m Depth to upper deck m Normal deadweight 8064 tons (4.0 t/lm) Lightship weight 6979 tons Normal displacement tons Block coefficient based on Lpp Normal service speed 18.8 knots Engine power (MCR) kW Service speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin Main dimensions and engine power are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport

56. 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 3.0 t/lanemeter

57. 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 4.0 t/lanemeter

58. 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 6.0 t/lanemeter

59. 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 6.0 t/lanemeter

60. 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

61. 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

62. 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

63. Thank you for your attention QUESTIONS ?