2. Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation in word formation Linguistics 400 Winter 2010

3. Overview More word formation typesMore word formation types InfixationInfixation CompoundingCompounding ReduplicationReduplication Vowel or consonant substitutionVowel or consonant substitution Simultaneous morphemesSimultaneous morphemes For further learning about morphology LING 481LING 481

4. Affixation Suffixation: root-affix deliver-able deliver-able Prefixation: affix-root un-certain un-certain Infixation: ro-affix-ot a-whole-nother a-whole-nother fan-freakin’-tastic fan-freakin’-tastic

5. Infixation Ulwa, a.k.a. Sumo Tawahka, Sumo-Mayangna

6. Ulwa infixation ‘his/her...’ [  bs] [  b ɑ s]‘hair’ [bsk][bɑskɑ][bsk][bɑskɑ] [  su:lu] ‘dog’ [  su:klu] [  su:k ɑ lu] [si  wnk] [si  w ɑ n ɑ k]‘root’ [si  wknk] [si  w ɑ k ɑ n ɑ k] [  n:l:k] [ ɑ  n ɑ :l ɑ :k ɑ ]‘chin’ [  n:kl:k] [ ɑ  n ɑ :k ɑ l ɑ :k ɑ ] -k ɑ( -) ‘his/her’

7. Compounding [root] [root] machine gun machine gun land line land line snail mail snail mail Predictability of meaning ’roid rage (< 1987; ‘road rage’ < 1988) ’roid rage (< 1987; ‘road rage’ < 1988) football (< 1486; ‘American football’ 1879) football (< 1486; ‘American football’ 1879) soap opera (< 1939) soap opera (< 1939)

8. Compounding and lexical category nounverbadjective noun tray table friend request skin-deep verbthinktankstir-fry? adjective high school dry-cleanred-hot Righthand head rule Lexical category of entire compound = lex. cat. of rightmost member Lexical category of entire compound = lex. cat. of rightmost member

9. Compound stress  Green Lake  bluebird  fast lane  Bigfoot  bad boy  old school  hotline  Myspace

10. Compounds in Mandarin Chinese Mandarin—very little affixation -/ ɤ̌ɹ/ ‘little’ (diminutive) (also means ‘son’) -/ ɤ̌ɹ/ ‘little’ (diminutive) (also means ‘son’) Some compounds [wà ŋ ʨ h jɔ̌w] [wà ŋ ʨ h jɔ̌w] ‘net’ ‘ball’ ‘net’ ‘ball’ ‘tennis’ ‘tennis’ [kwàn ʨjá] [kwàn ʨjá] ‘manage’ ‘house’ ‘manage’ ‘house’ ‘housekeeper’ ‘housekeeper’

11. Reduplication Chukchee, a.k.a. Chukot

12. Reduplication Chukchee (Russia) [jil  e] ‘gopher’ [jil  ejil] ‘gopher’ (absolutive singular) [nute] ‘earth, ground’ [nutenut] ‘earth, ground’ (absolutive singular) /jil  e-RED/, RED = reduplicant

13. Reduplication English  red red  red red  home home  home home meaning: ‘real, true, really’

14. Vowel substitution = Ablaut present past past participle sing sang have sung ring rang have rung drink drank have drunk [i] [e] [ ʌ ]

15. Consonant substitution SahaptinMeanings larger – smaller larger – smaller more important less important more important less importantForms q – k q – k n l n l ɬ ʃ s ɬ ʃ s t ɬ ʧ ts t ɬ ʧ ts

16. Uvular place of articulation [q] = voiceless uvular stop [  q ɨ p] ‘shoot, fire’ [  q ɨ p] ‘shoot, fire’ [w ɑ  qit] ‘search for’ [w ɑ  qit] ‘search for’ compare [k] [  k ɨ tu] ‘fast’ [  k ɨ tu] ‘fast’ [wilj ɑ  ki] ‘chaps’ [wilj ɑ  ki] ‘chaps’ velar uvular

17.  q’t ɑɑ t ‘thick’ (cardboard, biscuit, helmet)  k’t ɑɑ t ‘thick’ (canvas, bread, tile) q – k Related pairs of words thicker and/or more solid

18. ʔ ɨ  niit ‘house’ ʔ ɨ  liit ‘shack, shed’ n - l  mj ɑ n ɑʃ ‘child’  mj ɑ l ɑ s ‘baby’ ʃ n, ʃ - l, s

19. χɑɬjɑχɑɬjɑχɑɬjɑχɑɬjɑ‘sunflower’  χɑ sj ɑ ‘wild celery’ ɬ - s ɬ - s [χ] = voiceless uvular fricative

20. Some forms of ‘ write ’ /ktb/ perfective activepassive Ikatabkutib ‘wrote’ ‘was written’ IIkattabkuttib ‘made write’ ‘was made to write’ IIIkaatabkuutib ‘corresponded with’ ‘was corresponded with’ Modern Standard Arabic verbal morphology

21. Simultaneous morphology u i perfective passive CVVCVC III wazn: ‘to direct, strive to, act in conjunction with’ ktb‘write’ [kuutib] ‘was corresponded with’ ‘correspond’

22. Verb root (consonants) # of Cs example 3/ktb/ ‘to write’ 2/sm/ ‘to poison’ 1/j/ ‘to write the letter y’

23. Morphology summary Morphemes Morphological analysis Lexical category Types of word formation

24. Question Think of a compound in your native language (if English, use an example different from those provided above). Give the meaning of the whole compound as well the meaning of its parts (if different).