1. Outside reading books need to be completed by 10/22… 20 days.

2. Spain under Philip II

3. Philip II of Spain ( )
ruled
Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents.

4. Philip II of Spain ( )
Defender of Catholicism against the spread of Protestantism
Fought to retain control of the Netherlands
War with England
Fought against the Muslims in the Mediterranean & spread of Islam
Involved Spain in the French civil war against Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots
Spain became bankrupt under his reign

5. The Spanish Habsburgs & Europe (1556)
Philip II controlled Spanish Habsburg lands at the end of the 16c.

6. Philip II’s European and Colonial possessions.

7. Catholicism in Territories Revolt in the Low Countries
Spain under Philip II
Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II
One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas
With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems.
King Philip II devout Catholic
Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation
Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism
Religion and Revolt
Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith
Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories
Catholicism in Territories
Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces
1560s, bloody revolt began
Revolt in the Low Countries

8. Reasons for Dutch Revolt
Political: Dutch princes had become semi-autonomous. Charles V had previously ignored the Netherlands.
Religious: Calvinism was becoming dominant religion in the Netherlands.

9. Reasons for Dutch Revolt
Economic: The Netherlands was the trading and banking center of Europe. Merchants were very wealthy and influential. Spanish control limited their profits.

10. The Spanish Netherlands: Union of Utrecht, 1579
The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence.

11. Dutch Independence 1581
Netherlands refused to declare allegiance to Philip II
To punish them, Philip sent an army under command of the Duke of Alba

12. Dutch Independence 1581
Alba set up a court to reestablish Spanish control
Known locally as Court of Blood
Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels
Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew

13. English Aid to the Netherlands
The Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain & England
As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels
England felt that a Dutch defeat would open the door for a Spanish invasion of their country
Queen Elizabeth’s aid to the Dutch infuriated Philip

14. Revolt dragged on for decades
In 1609 a truce was reached
Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands
Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands

15. Netherlands today
Belgium today
Luxembourg today

16. English Attacks on Spanish Ships
England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, and steal gold & silver for England.
This was the period of government sponsored privateering.

17. Invasion Planned
King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships and return England to Catholic Church
He decided to invade England

19. Spanish Armada
Philip ordered his navy to assemble a great fleet, the Spanish Armada
Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 sailors & soldiers
1588- Spanish fleet sailed into English Channel
Queen Elizabeth I rallied her navy and prepared for attack

20. Naval Battles
Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion
They also planned to be joined by Spanish forces from the Netherlands
The Spanish faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet

22. Defeat of the Armada A Large storm had also crippled the Armada
English aimed eight fire ships at remaining Spanish
Spanish ships fled in panic & disarray
As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked

23. Defeat of the Armada
The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss.
But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated.

25. Spain’s Internal Problems
Spain’s real problems were with the government
Philip’s power was centralized; he trusted no one, limiting the influence of the nobility

26. Spain’s Internal Problems
Court riddled by factions & suspicion
Government action practically came to a standstill

27. Philip spent wealth from the Americas on constant warfare
Colonies cause Spanish problems
Philip spent wealth from the Americas on constant warfare
He borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times.
Prices were driven up by inflation

28. Colonies causes Spanish problems
Spain did not develop their own industries- they had used their wealth to import from other nations.

29. Colonies causes Spanish problems
Relying on a traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.