1. CITATION (End-Text Reference) ENG 221

2. END –TEXT REFERENCE WHAT IS END-TEXT REFERENCE? The second component of giving references is end-text reference, which provides a more detailed account of the sources that have been used in the essay.

3. What is the aim of giving end-text reference? To provide the reader with all the necessary information in case they want to make use of the same source.

4. Where do we place end-text reference in the essay? As you can understand from the name, end- text reference is listed under the title “References” at the end of your essay.

5. EXERCISE Exercise 14, page 47

6. BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING END- TEXT REFERENCE The list of works should be arranged alphabetically by the author’s surnames. The title of the reference list should be “References” and should be centered on the page. The reference list should begin on a new page.

7. BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING END- TEXT REFERENCE The entries should be double-spaced. The first line should be flushed with the left margin, and all subsequent lines should be indented five spaces from the left margin. EXAMPLE: Cox, K., & Hill, D. (2004). EAP now! English for Academic Purposes: Teacher’s Book. New South Wales, NSW: Pearson and Longman. Indented

8. BOOK WITH ONE WRITER Ayling, S. E. (1966). Portraits of power. New York: Barnes & Nobles, Inc. Author’s surname Initials of the author’s first name Year of Publication Name of the book City of publication Publisher of the book CANKAYA UNIVRSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT

9. As end-text reference: Ayling, S. E. (1966). Portraits of Power. New York: Barnes & Nobles, Inc. HOW DO YOU CITE THIS BOOK AS IN-TEXT REFERENCE? As in-text reference: (Ayling, 1966, p.56) BOOK WITH ONE WRITER

10. BOOK WITH TWO WRITERS As end-text reference Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (1983). Writing academic english. Massachutes: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. HOW DO YOU CITE THIS BOOK AS IN-TEXT REFERENCE? As in-text reference (Oshima & Hogue, 1983, p. 85)

11. BOOK WITH THREE or MORE WRITERS List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand. Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G. J. (2006). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience (5th ed.). Singapore: Mc- Graw-Hill.

12. How do you cite this book in the text? Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G. J. (2006). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience (5th ed.). Singapore: Mc- Graw-Hill. The first time it is mentioned? (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2006, p. 34) From the second time onwards? (Hughes et al., 2006, p.34)

13. Book – chapter in edited book Helber, L. E., (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editors and book title. The page numbers of the chapter are also required.

14. Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. BOOK WITH EDITOR(S)

15. WHAT DO THESE COLORS SHOW? Helber, L. E., (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105- 113). Chichester, England: John Wiley. Author’s nameYear of publication Chapter title Editors’ names Book name Page numbers Place of publication ? ? ?? ? ? ?? Publisher

16. CHAPTER or ARTICLE in a BOOK Surname of the writer Book’s year of publication Name of the article Name of the book’s editors King, M. L. (2007). Three ways of meeting oppression. In S Bachmann, & M. Barth (Eds.),Between worlds: A reader, rhetoric and handbook (5th ed.). (pp. 237-240). New York: Pearson – Longman. Name of the book How many times the book has been edited page numbers of the article As in-text reference: (King, 2007, pp. 237 – 238)

17. ARTICLE in a JOURNAL Name of writers Journal’s year of publication Name of the article Name of the journal Lewis, C., & Robinson W. (2005). The authoritarian personality. The Journal of Psychology, 40 (4), 470 – 501. Issue number of the journal page numbers of the article Volume number of the journal As in-text reference: (Lewis & Robinson, 2005, p. 471)

18. Date of publication / release on the Web Date when the article was accessed INTERNET ARTICLE Author’s surname Name of the article Mango, A. (2000, September 24). Atatürk in his lifetime and today. Retrieved September 1, 2008, from http://www.ataturksociety.org/asa/voa/mango.html Web address of the site where the article was found As in-text reference: (Mango, 2000, para. 3)

19. You are not expected to memorize the conventions of end-text referencing; when you need to prepare a reference list, refer to; a.Pages 68-70 in your pack b.The Publication Manual of the APA c.www.apa.org DON’T WORRY!

20. EXERCISE Exercise 15, page 49

21. EXERCISE

22. Chapter or article in a book: Fontana, A. & Frey, J. (1994). Interviewing: The art of science. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. (pp. 361-376). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

23. EXERCISE

24. An article in a journal: Rogers,G. (1999). Reflections on teaching remote and isolated children. Education in Rural Australia, 9 (2), 65-68.

25. EXERCISE

26. A book: Gilbert, R. & Gilbert, P. (1998). Masculinity goes to school. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

27. EXERCISE

28. An internet article: Rothkop, D. (2007, February 24). In Praise of Cultural Imperialism? Effects of Globalization on Culture. Retrieved May 31, 2010, from http://www.globalpolicy.org./glabaliz/cultur al/globalcult.htm