1. FOR NOTES / ADDITIONAL MATERIAL not to be covered in 40 min

2. Stable Isotope Standards (  =0) IsotopeStandard 2 H/ 1 H V-SMOW 18 O/ 16 O V-SMOW 13 C/ 12 C V-PDB 15 N/ 14 N Atmospheric air 34 S/ 32 S V-CDT 44 Ca/ 40 Ca seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr seawater 56 Fe/ 54 Fe average of 46 igneous rocks

3. Light Stable Isotope Abundances ElementIsotopeAbundance (%) Terrestrial Range Hydrogen 1 H 2 H (D) 99.985 ± 0.001 0.015 ± 0.001 700 ‰ Carbon 12 C 13 C 98.89 ± 0.01 1.11 ± 0.01 100 ‰ Nitrogen 14 N 15 N 99.634 ± 0.020 0.366 ± 0.020 50 ‰ Oxygen 16 O 17 O 18 O 99.762 ± 0.016 0.038 ± 0.001 0.200 ± 0.014 100 ‰

4. NOTE: All labs do not provide the same QA/QC! NIST 1575 Pine run by 15 different labs Source: Jeff Owen, 2004

5.  13 C values of plants are affected by / reflect:  moisture stress (e.g., Rundel and Sharifi, 1993, Stewart et al. 1995)  salinty (e.g., Guy et al. 1980)  light level (e.g., Ehleringer et al. 1986)  height in the canopy (e.g., Leavitt and Long 1982, McDowell et al. 2005)  lifespan (e.g., Ehleringer et al. 1993)

6. … because  When stomates relatively closed, c i low and Δ approaches 4.4 ‰;  if wide open, Δ  27‰ source unknown (oops)

7. Part 3: Advances in technology  TDL  MC-ICP-MS (for iron)  SIP (DNA studies)  SIMS  NMR  PLFA (microbial)

8. Cz = Ca – Cb Cz  z = Ca  a – Cb  b Cz  z = Ca  a – [(Ca-Cz)*  b] Cz  z = Ca  a – Ca  b + Cz  b Cz  z = Ca(  a –  b) + Cz  b Cz  z – Cz  b = Ca(  a –  b) Cz(  z –  b) = Ca(  a –  b)  z –  b = [Ca(  a –  b) ]/Cz  z =  b + [Ca(  a –  b) ]/Cz The math for a Keeling plot A linear relationship; the intercept is the isotopic composition of the “source”

9. A Keeling plot integrates spatially Tu & Dawson, 2004

10. TDLAS = Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy A laser based system for measuring the mole fraction of a specific gas molecule Raw materials: Lead, Selenium, Sulfur End Product: About the size of a pencil eraser! Bowling et al. (2003)

11. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy fast-response analyzer for carbon isotopes of CO 2 very narrow wavelength infrared absorption 4.3594 ( 12 CO 2 ) and 4.3582 mm ( 13 CO 2 ) 1 kW and liquid nitrogen required operates at field site Bowling et al. (2003)

12. TDL used in an Eddy Covariance System

13. SIP: Principle  Add a 13 C-labeled compound ( 15 N, 2 H)  Incubate  Extract and separate an informative biomolecule  Lipids (PLFA)  Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)  Proteins (not yet used)  Analyze biomolecule

14. Principles of SIMS

15. Depth Profile of δ 13 C through an AOM Aggregate Orphan et al. (2001) Science 293:484.

16. 13 C-PLFA: who is eating what Brant et al. 2006 SBB