1. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama Appendix A Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. A Brief History of Management

2. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–2 Learning Outcomes 1. 1.State the major similarities and differences between the classical and behavioral theorists. 2. 2.Describe how systems theorists and contingency theorists differ from classical and behavioral theorists. 3. 3.Define the key terms listed at the end of the appendix. After studying this appendix, you should be able to:

3. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–3 Classical Theory Classical TheoristsClassical Theorists  Focus on the job and management functions to determine the best way to manage in all organizations. Scientific ManagementScientific Management  Best way to maximize job performance  Fredrick Winslow Taylor  Father of Scientific Management  Frank and Lillian Gilbreth  Work efficiency  Henry Gantt  Work scheduling

4. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–4 Classical Theory (cont’d) Administrative TheoryAdministrative Theory  Henri Fayol  Father of Modern Management  Principles and functions of management  Max Weber  Bureaucracy concept  Chester Barnard  Authority and power distributions in organizations  Mary Parker Follett  Worker participation, conflict resolution, and shared goals

5. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–5 Behavioral Theory Behavioral TheoristsBehavioral Theorists  Focus on people to determine the best way to manage in all organizations.  Stress need for human skills rather than technical skills. Human Relations Movement (later, the Behavioral Science Approach)Human Relations Movement (later, the Behavioral Science Approach)  Elton Mayo  Hawthorne studies  Abraham Maslow  Hierarchy of needs theory  Douglas McGregor  Theory X and Theory Y

6. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–6 Management Science Management Science TheoristsManagement Science Theorists  Focus on the use of mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making.  Mathematical models are used in the areas of finance, management information systems (MIS), and operations management.  Stress decision-making and technical skills.

7. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–7 Integrative Perspective Systems TheorySystems Theory  Focuses on viewing the organization as a whole and as the interrelationship of its parts (subsystems).  Stresses the need for conceptual skills. Sociotechnical TheorySociotechnical Theory  Focuses on integrating people and technology. Contingency TheoryContingency Theory  Focuses on determining the best management approach for a given situation.  Stable and innovative environments  Mechanistic and organic management systems

8. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–8 Exhibit A ● Comparing Theories

9. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.A–9 KEY TERMS classical theoristsclassical theorists behavioral theoristsbehavioral theorists management science theoristsmanagement science theorists systems theoristssystems theorists sociotechnical theoristssociotechnical theorists contingency theoristscontingency theorists