1. Solids, Liquids and Gases

2. States of Matter matter – anything that has mass & takes up space there are 4 states of matter that depend on TEMPERATURE solid – has a definite shape & volume liquid- has a definite volume, but no definite shape gas – has no definite volume or shape plasma- made of high energy, electrically charged particles, found on the sun most common type of matter in the universe (99% of mass in solar system) it is a gas like mixture of positive & negative charged particles it is seen when fluorescent lights are turned on & the electricity causes particles of mercury gas to form plasma

3. Kinetic Theory of Matter all matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion the higher the temperature, the faster the motion the motion & spacing (due to temperature) determines the state of matter

4. Kinetic Theory of Solids particles are packed very close & held together by forces between particles particles move back & forth, but don’t change positions most solids form crystals – particles arranged in a repeating pattern different solids have different crystal shapes amorphous solids – materials that appear solid but don’t have a crystal structure amorphous means “having no form” ex) glass, butter, wax can be classified as ‘thick liquids’

5. Kinetic Theory of Liquids particles are very close together, but can move past each other liquids can pour easily (water), slowly (syrup), or hardly at all (tar) viscosity- a property of a liquid that describes how it pours tar is very viscous, water isn’t

6. Kinetic Theory of Gases particles have a lot of energy, and can go everywhere particles move in a straight line all over their container particles only change direction when they hit other particles or wall of their container a gas is mostly EMPTY SPACE

7. Thermal Expansion thermal expansion – the increase in the volume of matter as the temperature increases when energy is added, thermal energy increases the kinetic & potential energy of the particles and they move faster, collide more often & collide harder because they hit each other harder they bounce off harder, move farther apart & increase the volume of the matter expansion joints- gaps in building structures & streets that allow material to expand in hot weather and shrink in cold weather without cracking

8. Changing States of Matter any change in the state of matter is a PHYSICAL change, not chemical melting point- the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid freezing point- the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid boiling point- the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas (vaporizes) condensation – the process that occurs when a gas cools & becomes a liquid sublimation – a change from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid dry ice (solid CO 2 ) and iodine have no liquid state at normal air pressure deposition- change from a gas to a solid frost- change of water vapor in the air to water crystals evaporation – the change from a liquid to a gas without boiling vaporization- the change from a liquid to a gas at the boiling point

9. Nature of Gases Pressure pressure- the amount of force per unit area -gases exert forces on everything! -pressure does not depend on the size of the surface it presses on pressure force area Newton – The SI unit for force Pascal – the SI unit for pressure, it equals 1 N m 2

10. Why do gases exert pressure? Gases exert pressure because: they are in constant motion and as they move about they hit the surfaces of the container, and every time they hit the sides they exert a tiny pressure and it is the combined effect of ALL the particles constantly bouncing off the surface that cause air pressure

11. Air pressure is caused by all the particles of air that are constantly bouncing off of us and the earth’s surface, at 1610 km/hr There is less air pressure at higher altitudes because there are less particles, so there are less collisions which means there is less pressure

12. Boyle’s Law It states: “The pressure of a gas will increase as the volume of a gas decreases provided the temperature does not change” WHY? Because particles will move as fast in a smaller area & will collide more often causing an Increase in pressure

13. Charles Law It states: “ If a sample of gas is kept at constant pressure, the volume increases, if temperature increases.” WHY? When energy is added, the particles move faster, hit each other & sides of container harder and more often which can cause the walls of the container to bulge 4 factors needed to describe a gas: mass volume pressure temperature

14. Fluids Archimedes Principle it states: “the buoyant force on an object that is submerged in fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object” when objects are in water they displace an amount of water equal to the volume of the object buoyant force- the upward force of a fluid on an object if the buoyant force is LESS than gravity the object sinks, if it is MORE than gravity it floats dense fluids like salt water, exert a larger buoyant force than less dense fluids

15. Pascal’s Principle it states: “the pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid” if you dive into a pool, the pressure is the same on all parts of your body & the only factor that affects the pressure is how deep you dive hydraulic lifts are used to lift heavy loads because it multiplies a force

16. Bernoulli’s Principle it states: “ the pressure of a moving fluid is HIGH when the velocity is LOW, and the pressure is LOW when the velocity of it is HIGH -deals with fluids that are moving (liquids & gases) -fluids move from areas of high pressure to low pressure -fluids move when there is a difference in pressure between 2 regions -it explains why a pitched ball curves – the pitcher gives it a sideways spin around a vertical axis as it moves through the air; the air moves faster past the side spinning forward therefore the air pressure is lower

17. also explains what helps keep planes in the air, their wings are designed so that the air must travel further over the top of the wing than over the bottom; the air takes the same amount of time over both sides of the wings but it has to move faster on top so there is less air pressure on top of the wing and a greater pressure on the bottom of the wing Venturi effect- when a moving fluid is forced to travel in a narrower path, its velocity increases

18. Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization heat of fusion- the energy needed to change from the solid state to the liquid state heat of vaporization – the energy needed to change from a liquid to a gas energy causes the temperature of a substance to rise to the freezing/melting point; at that point the temperature no longer rises because all the energy goes into breaking apart the particles of ice; when the ice is now all water the energy causes the temperature to rise again until it reaches theboiling point

21. Boyle’s Law

22. Charles Law