1. Down to the Bare Bones Composition & Function

2. Bones to Know

4. Functions of Bone ◊ Support : Gives us something to hang our muscles on ◊ Protection of internal organs ◊ Movement : Bones form joints that act like hinges ◊ Storage : Calcium ◊ Blood Cell Formation

5. Blood Cell Formation  Hematopoiesis = Generation of new blood cells  Occurs in the bone marrow (inside, center portion of bone)  Skull, sternum, long bones, and pelvis

6. 2 Types of Osseous (Bone) Tissue Bone is “Connective Tissue” Spongy – Porous, lighter but still strong – Softer bone tissue – Interior of bones and at ends (epiphysis) – More vascularized than compact bone – NOT the same thing as bone marrow Compact – Hard bone – Surface of bones – Shafts (diaphysis) of long bones made mostly of compact tissue

7. Spongy Bone vs. Compact Bone Spongy bone Compact bone

8. Bone Anatomy

9. Outside covered with PERIOSTEUM – Contains blood vessels, nerves, and osteoblasts (bone- building cells) – Made up of dense connective tissue that connects with ligaments and tendons Deep to periosteum is COMPACT BONE – Holes in compact bone (Haversian canals) carry blood vessels and nerves from periosteum Deep to compact bone is SPONGY BONE Deep to spongy bone is MEDULLARY CAVITY with BONE MARROW

10. Bone Marrow Yellow Bone Marrow – Found in most bones – Mainly adipose (fat) tissue storage – Can be converted to red bone marrow if extreme blood loss Red Bone Marrow – Only within the spongy bones of ribs, vertabrae, sternum, and pelvis – Produces red blood cells and lymphocytes (white cells like B-cells and T- cells0

11. Types of Bones Long bones – Arms, legs, hands, feet (metacarpals and metatarsals) – Mostly compact bone – Slightly curved to absorb shock Short bones – Carpals, tarsals, and phalanges – Irregular, cube-shaped bones

12. Types of Bones Flat bones – Skull, scapula, ribs, sterum, pelvis – Anchor muscles Irregular bones – Any bone that doesn’t fit into one of the other groups! – Vertebrae and some facial bones

13. Bone Classification by Shape Also, patella (kneecap) is a special type of “floating bone” called a SESAMOID BONE.

14. How do Bones Grow? Start as CARTILAGE (no blood vessels) OSSIFICATION: Osteoblasts (bone building cells) start to replace cartilage tissue with bone tissue by secreting calcium salts. Growth happens at epiphyseal plate (growth plates) By age 16-25 all the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone.

16. Bone Fractures & Remodeling

17. Compound: Bone breaks through the skin

18. Transverse Spiral Comminuted X-rays

19. How Fractures Heal Hematoma (huge bruise and blood clot) forms to protect area Fibrocartilage splint forms after dead cells are removed by phagocytes. Osteocytes move into area and gradually replace the fibrocartilage with bone callus. Bone remodeling occurs.

20. Steps in Fracture Healing

21. Bone Remodeling

22. Osteocytes (Bone Cells) Osteoblasts “Make Deposits” – Bone Builders These cells secrete new bone extracellular matrix Take calcium out of blood Osteoclasts Dissolve bone Release calcium

23. Osteoclasts

24. Steps to Remodeling (wheel) 1.Pre-osteoclasts are attracted to remodeling site. 2. Pre-osteoclasts fuse to form “regular” osteoclasts. 3. Osteoclasts dig out a cavity or tunnel. 4. Calcium dug out is reabsorbed by the blood for use in the body. 5. Osteoclasts disappear.

25. 6. Osteoblast-making cells (stem cells) appear in the cavity created. 7. Stem cells turn into pre-osteoblasts. 8. Pre-osteoblasts mature into “regular” osteoblasts. 9. Osteoblasts release osteoid (bone matrix without calcium). 10. Calcium and phosphorus are added to the osteoid. 11. Area waits for the next round to happen (dormant).

26. In a child: Osteoblast activity > Osteoclast activity In an adult: Want a balance, Osteoblast activity = Osteoclast activity

27. What regulates this activity? HORMONES! Chemical messengers released into blood stream Produced by the glands of the Endocrine System

29. Hormones Related to Bone Remodeling Calcitonin – Made by thyroid gland Inhibits osteoclast activity Increase rate of Ca 2+ excretion Parathyroid (PTH) – Made by parathyroid Stimulates osteoclasts Increases intestinal absorption of Ca 2+ Decreases the rate of Ca 2+ excretion

30. Effects of Exercise When stressed, calcium salt crystals emit a minute electrical field. The electrical fields attract osteoblasts.

31. Summary PTH and Calcitonin determine when and if bone is broken down or formed. Stresses of muscles pulling on bone determine where bone is made.