1. Unit 1 Review

2. Neolithic Era  Stone tools  Domestication of plants and animals  Early societies  Technology  metallurgy

3. Agricultural Transition  Groups of people organized into political units  Populations began growing due to food surpluses  Trade developed between societies  More and more mass migration of people

4. Social Distinction  Caste system  Gender roles/status  Role of agriculture  Crucial part of civilization

5. Epic of Gilgamesh  Mesopotamian epic poem  Deals with search for immortality

6. Mesopotamia  Traded with other civilizations as far away as the Indus River Valley  Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers  Polytheistic religion – reinforced by the environment  Loose collection of city states

7. Ziggurat  Mesopotamia  Built by kings to show political power  Served as a religious temple

8. Hammurabi’s Code  First set of codified laws  Mesopotamia  Strict, punishment fits the crime

9. Assyrians  Mesopotamia  Established the idea of empire

10. Bronze Metallurgy  Created by combining copper and tin  Replaced stone tools  Used to create tools and weapons

11. Cuneiform  First system of writing  Mesopotamia  Record keeping  Led to the development of formal, bureaucratic governments

12. Israel

13. Hittites  Conquered Egypt  Skilled warriors  Introduced chariots

14. Egypt  Well organized society – lasting empires  Believed in afterlife – pyramids  Pharoah  For the most part polytheistic  Akhenaton favored monotheism

15. Pyramids  Egypt  Constructed for the pharaohs as their final resting spot  Showed the power of the paharaohs

16. Hyksos  Semitic people  Conquered Egypt during the Middle Kingdom  Introduced bronze and chariots to Egypt

17. Hieroglyphics  Egypt  Writing system  Use of pictures to depict words and ideas

18. Harappan Society  Earliest know civilization in the Indus River Valley  Evidence of trade between Harappans and Mesopotamia

19. Aryans  Conquerors of India  Brought religious ideas to India  Ie - Hinduism

20. Indus River Civilizations  Along the Indus River  Harappans and Mohenjo-Daro  Very little is known, because written records have not been deciphered

21. Caste System  Social system in India  Enforced rules about social behavior

22. Jati  Subcaste in the Indian Caste System

23. Karma  Hindu belief  Your actions determine your fate in life and life after reincarnation

24. Xia Dynasty  Early Chinese dynasty  Little known history due to the destruction of written records and literature by the Qin emperor

25. Shang Dynasty  Mandate of heaven  Powerful priestly class  Bronze casting was a huge accomplishment

26. Mandate of Heaven  Chinese idea introduced by the Shang  King/emperor is viewed as an intermediary between heaven and earth

27. Olmec  Mesoamerica – located in modern day Mexico  Polytheistic  Known for human head sculptures

28. Maya  Mesoamerica – modern day Mexico  Traded with Olmec  Polytheistic  Popul Vuh – the Mayan story of creation

29. Chavin Cult  South American society  Percursor to the Inca  Domesticated the llama as a work animal

30. Austronesians  Aboriginal people of Australia  Maintained hunting-gathering practices

31. Polynesians  Island people of the south Pacific  Turned to agricultural life style and began settling

32. Paleolithic Age  Time simple tools were developed

33. Bantu  Groups of African people that migrated to the southern portions of the African continent.  Introduced metallurgy and agriculture to many parts of southern Africa  Many aspects of their culture are still seen in Africa today