2. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 Ecology: Population Growth & Regulation

3. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 What is Ecology? From the Greek meaning “a place to live”, it refers to the study of interrelationships between living things and their environment (including the nonliving things) The environment includes: An abiotic component – nonliving things such as soil, water, and weather and A biotic component – all forms of life 

4. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 What is an Ecosystem? All the organisms and their environment (nonliving) within a defined area What is a Community? All the interacting populations of organisms within an ecosystem 

5. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 How Does Population Size Change? A population is the members of a single species, capable of interbreeding, that live in a specific area The size of the population changes depending on the number of Births and Deaths, the number leaving (Emigration), and the number coming in (Immigration). (B - D) + (I - E) = change in population size 

6. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 If life in the ecosystem is ideal, the population will increase according to its biotic potential, that is, its maximum rate However, resources are limited and organisms interact with one another for these resources Therefore, the population's size is limited according to … environmental resistance 

7. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 The rate at which a population size changes, the rate of growth, is determined by: b - d = r (birth rate – death rate = growth rate) Furthermore, the number of individuals that are new to a population within a certain time period is the growth rate (r) multiplied by the number of members in the population at the beginning of the time period (N): rN = population growth within a given time period 

8. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 If a population is growing at an ever- accelerating rate, then the population is experiencing exponential growth (typically a population will double during the same unit of time for EVERY increment of time) Exponential growth is graphed as a J-curve Figure 39-1 

9. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101

10. BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 (i) Reproduction begins at 4 years (ii) Reproduction begins at 6 years

11. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 What Influences Biotic Potential?  The age at which the organism first reproduces  The frequency with which reproduction occurs  The average # of offspring produced each time  The length of the organism’s reproductive life span  The death rate of individuals under ideal conditions 

12. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 How Is Population Growth Regulated? Any given area can support only a certain population size indefinitely This size is the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Population numbers that have reached carrying capacity can be graphed as an S-curve Figure 39-5 

13. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 carrying capacity time exponential growth: J-curve (environmental resistance) equilibrium (biotic potential) number of individuals

14. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 Population numbers are affected by the course of nature in ways that may or may not be due to the size of the population Populations that get too crowded or dense may be adversely affected by density dependent factors such as predation, parasitism, disease, or intense competition On the other hand, density independent factors, such as weather, fire events, or human activities, impact a population regardless of its size 

15. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 When an animal kills and eats another organism, predation has occurred, and the animal doing the killing and eating is the predator Predation is an important mechanism in natural population control However, predation not only controls the size of the prey populations, but it also serves to control the size of the predator populations 

16. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 As predators reduce the number of prey available, they are, in effect, reducing their own food resource This results in a reduction in the predator population When predator numbers are reduced, the prey population will increase again Thus, predator populations and prey populations undergo population cycles 

17. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 When an animal feeds on another organism without killing it, the animal is a parasite, and the organism on which it is feeding is its host 

18. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 When population numbers increase, competition for the resources on which the organisms depend becomes more intense If the competition occurs among members of different species, interspecific competition is occurring However, if the competition is among members of the same species, the more intense intraspecific competition is occurring 

19. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 How Is The Human Population Changing? The human population grew slowly for over one million years During that time, fire was discovered, tools and weapons were fashioned, shelters were built, and clothing was made to protect individuals Each of these "inventions" led to a cultural revolution as the populations adapted to these innovations 

20. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 The domestication of crops and animals led to an agricultural revolution, providing a more dependable food supply Once advances in medicine and health care occurred the human death rate was reduced dramatically This industrial-medical revolution led to an increase in population How is the Human Population Currently Growing? (Figure 39-10) 

21. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 Technical and cultural advancesAgricultural advances Industrial and medical advances bubonic plague billions of people 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2003 1999 1987 1975 1960 1930 1830 12,00011,00010,000 9000 80007000600050004000300020001000 B.C./A.D. 10002000 B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. A.D. A.D.

22. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 In developed countries, the industrial- medical revolution also led … to reduced birth rates, stabilizing their population growth In developing countries, however, reduced birth rates … have not occurred, primarily due to social traditions and a lack of access to education and contraceptives 

23. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 The United States is experiencing the most rapid growth among developed countries (Figure 39-13) U.S. fertility rate is only 2.03, actually below Replacement Level Fertility (RLF) which is 2.1 Continued immigration to the United States is a significant source of this population growth 

24. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 U.S. population (in millions) (1790–2003) year

25. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 This migration represents a redistribution of Earth's human population –it may have serious implications for the environment of both the U.S. and the Earth, because … –Americans consume far more resources and produce far more pollution than the global average One measure of this effect is the "ecological footprint“ –It is more than four times greater for U.S. residents than the global average There is compelling evidence that, because of our consumption of nonrenewable fossil fuels and depletion of groundwater reserves, humans have already exceeded the Earth's carrying capacity Furthermore, our overgrazing of grasslands, deforestation, etc., may actually be decreasing Earth's carrying capacity (Figure E39-3) 

26. Life on Earth BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101

27. BIOLOGY101BIOLOGY101 Summary: Major Points This chapter has covered: 1. Factors that control the size and rate of growth of populations 2. How the environment plays a role in controlling populations and how individual interactions among members of the same species, as well as among members of different species, influence population size 3. How a population grows may depend on how its members are distributed within a given area, or it may depend on the number of offspring that survive to reach maturity 4. These factors apply to the human population as well 