1. Idealism

2. Sophists and PreSocratics: Sophists did not care about Right, just argued well. PreSocratics still searching for Answers to What is the Essence of Reality: there must be something more than matter Water (all liquid) Air: (refraction and condensation) Apieron (the Infinite)

3. Socrates: Strange-looking, dynamic teacher Huge following of students Taught by questioning students toward deeper and deeper understanding Non-religious Put to death for “Corrupting the Youth” & “Refusing to Recognize the Gods “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

4. Dualism: What is REAL? What is the nature of reality? higher abstract general The ABSOLUTES FORM ______________________________________________________________ MATTER

5. Dualism: What is REAL? What is the nature of reality? higher abstract general The ABSOLUTES FORM _______________________________________________________________ lower concrete particular material MATTER

6. Dualism: What is REAL? What is the nature of reality? eternal perfect spirit higher abstract general The ABSOLUTES FORM _________________________________________________________________ process change corruption lower concrete particular material MATTER

7. How do we know what we know? Using the thinking mind REASON Mystical Revelation FAITH ________________________________________________________________ Using the body to observe SENSES

8. What is the best way to act? Reasoning  ABSOLUTES Imitating the Ideal SUPERIOR Understanding and Living by LAWS made by Philosophers __________________________________________________________ Following along without thinking about WHY you act how you do. INFERIOR Living Unconsciously, not thinking, not reflecting.

9. Plato: Came from an aristocratic family Student of Socrates Recorded the teachings of Socrates (often difficult to tell apart) Took Socrates’ teachings further Founded “The Academy” (one of the earliest schools) Most famous for “The Dialogues” and “Theory of Forms” Stressing the Duality of Body and Soul

11. Theory of Forms: Matter: Form: shoes “Shoeness” true statementsTruth good deeds Charity Ideas cannot be corrupted therefore they are superior to anything that exists in the physical world. The physical world is evil because it distracts us from what is really important. All attempts must be made to deny the physical and focus on the eternal. It is up to those who “have seen the light” to teach others.

12. Idealism Quotes: “You don't have to travel around the world to understand that the sky is blue everywhere.” Goethe “Once you make a decision, the universe conspires to make it happen.” Ralph Waldo Emerson “I think therefore I am.” Rene Descartes “Whenever you are confronted with an opponent, conquer him with love.” Mahatma Gandhi "Wilderness to the people of America is a spiritual necessity, an antidote to the high pressure of modern life, a means of regaining serenity and equilibrium." Sigurd Olson “All that we are is the result of what we have thought. The mind is everything. What we think we become.” Buddha