1. 1. To strive for high ethical standards 2. To possess a serious commitment to professionalism and socially responsible behaviour.

2.  Engineers should have the awareness about global issues in order to deal with various aspects of Professional interactions

4. Large corporations having investment and business in a number of countries are known as ‘multinational’ or ‘transnational’ corporations. Eg:- Ford, Toyota, Sony, LG, Johnson&Johnson, Coca cola, Pepsi etc.

5. MNCs should respect the basic rights of people of the host countries. MNCs should provide the most good for the most people of the host countries. MNCs should help the host countries’s overall economy and their employees MNCs should also make sure that their products does not cause any harms to the customers. MNCs should respect the laws and culture of the host countries without violating the basic moral rights. MNCs should have more concern for the welfare of their employees. MNCs should pay employees for the extra risk they undertake

8.  1. Cost-oblivious approach Oblivious – Lacking mindful attention  2. Approach based on Cost-benefit analysis

9.  In this approach priority is given to the protection of environment than the cost of the products designed by the Engineers.  This approach does not accept/tolerate any environmental degradation.  DRAWBACK This approach is difficult to sustain and enforce in a modern urbanised society

10.  In this approach,the problem is analysed in terms of the benefits derived by reducing the pollution and the costs required to solve the problem.  In other words,the objective is not to achieve a completely clean environment,but to achieve an economically beneficial balance of pollution with health or environmental considerations.  DRAWBACKS: It is very difficult to determine the true cost of a human life or the loss of a species;and also it is very difficult accurately assess costs and benefits.

12.  Computer ethics is the study of ethical issues that are associated primarily with computing machines and computing profession.

13.  Computer society of India has developed the ‘Ten Commandments’ of Computer Ethics 1. Don’t use the computer to harm other people. 2. Don’t interfere with other people’s computer work. 3. Don’t snoop around in other people’s computer files. 4. Don’t use a computer to steal. 5. Don’t use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Don’t copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Don’t use other people’s computer resources without authorisation or compensation. 8. Don’t appropriate other people’s intellectual output. 9. Think about the social consequences of the programme you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Use a computer in ways that insure consideration and respect for your fellow humans.

14. WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT

15. ENGINEERS AS MANAGERS

16.  Engineers move into management roles because of the following two reasons. 1. Many corporate managements prefer engineers as their managers.Bacause they believe that: * To manage technological corporation,the technical understanding is necessary; and * The engineers have the potential of understanding the business techniques of any corporate bodies than any non-engineers.Also it is comparatively easier to teach the business techniques than to teach non-engineers the engineering techniques. 2. Engineers are attracted by various corporate incentives such as higher pay,greater authority, wider responsibility and increased prestige and recognition.

17.  As a manager,engineers remain professionals whose primary responsibility is to provide useful products and services while ensuring that they are safe and profitable.

18. CONSULTING ENGINEERS

19. 1. Advertising 2. Competitive bidding 3. Contingency fees 4. Safety and client needs 5. Provisions for resolution of disputes

20. Honesty - the quality of being honest; truthfulness Competence - the thorough knowledge of the work they undertake to do. Diligence - to carry out the given tasks carefully and promptly. Loyalty - the quality of being true and faithful in one client’s support

21. MORAL LEADERSHIP

22.  Moral leaders are those who direct,motivate,organize, manage, or in other ways take groups toward morally valuable goals.

23. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Code of Ethics  We, the members of the IEEE, in recognition of the importance of our technologies in affecting the quality of life throughout the world, and in accepting a personal obligation to our profession, its members and the communities we serve, do hereby commit ourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree:  to accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment;  to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them to affected parties when they do exist;  to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data;  to reject bribery in all its forms;  to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential consequences;  to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations;  to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others;  to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin;  to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action;  to assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following this code of ethics.

24.  Fundamental Principles 2  Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by:  a. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment; b. being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients; c. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; and d. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.  Fundamental Canons  a. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development 3 in the performance of their professional duties. b. Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence. c. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. d. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest. e. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. f. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession and shall act with zero-tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption. g. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision. 3