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Introduction to XHTML 1 Chapter 4 Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 Reference From: Internet & World Wide Web: How to Program Deitel, Deitel & Goldburg
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Introduction to XHTML 2 What is XHTML? XHTML EXtensible HyperText Markup Language – XHTML 1.1 – A markup language that specifies the format of the text that is displayed in a Web browser. presentation structure – Separation of the presentation of a document from the structure of the document’s information – Based on HTML A legacy technology of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
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Introduction to XHTML 3 Editing XHTML XHTML documents – Source-code form – Text editor (e.g. Notepad, emacs, etc.) –.html or.htm file-name extension – Web server Stores XHTML documents – Web browser Requests XHTML documents
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XHTML DTD The XHTML standard defines three Document Type Definitions. The most common is the XHTML Transitional. An XHTML document consists of three main parts: 1. the DOCTYPE 2. the Head 3. the Body Introduction to XHTML 4
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XHTML document types There are currently 3 XHTML document types: STRICT TRANSITIONAL FRAMESET Introduction to XHTML 5
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XHTML 1.0 Strict <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/ xhtml1xhtml1-strict.dtd"> Use this when you want really clean markup, free of presentational clutter. Use this together with CSS. Introduction to XHTML 6
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XHTML 1.0 Transitional <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN’’ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1 /DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> Use this when you need to take advantage of HTML's presentational features and when you want to support browsers that don't understand Cascading Style Sheets. Introduction to XHTML 7
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XHTML 1.0 Frameset <!DOCTYPE htmlPUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN“ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/ DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd"> Use this when you want to use HTML Frames to partition the browser window into two or more frames. Introduction to XHTML 8
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9 First XHTML Example (1) XHTML comments starts with Mandatory XHTML Elements: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> Title goes here
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Introduction to XHTML 10 First XHTML Example (2) html element is the root element of a XHTML document – head element – The element is a container for all the head elements. Elements inside can include scripts, instruct the browser where to find style sheets, provide meta information, and more. – The following tags can be added to the head section:,,,,,, and. – body element Body section: Page’s content the browser displays
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Introduction to XHTML 11 First XHTML Example (3) body element Body section: Page’s content the browser displays – The tag defines the document's body. – The element contains all the contents of an HTML document, such as text, hyperlinks, images, tables, lists, etc.
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Introduction to XHTML 12 First XHTML Example (4) Every element starts with Start tag and ends with End tag, with the displayed content in between them. Example:...,.... Start tag may have attributes (provide additional information about an element) – A name and value pair – Example:
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Introduction to XHTML 13 XHTML Syntax Rules XHTML documents must have one root element XHTML elements – be properly nested – be closed – be in lowercase Attribute names – be in lower case Attribute values – be quoted
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Element / Tag The HTML Element – The tag defines the title of the document. – The element is required in all HTML/XHTML documents. The element: – defines a title in the browser toolbar – provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites – displays a title for the page in search-engine results A simplified HTML document: Title of the document The content of the document...... Introduction to XHTML 14
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Introduction to XHTML 15 main.html (1 of 1)
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Introduction to XHTML 16 Headers Six headers ( header elements): h 1 ~ h6
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Introduction to XHTML 17
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Introduction to XHTML 18 Linking Hyperlink – References other sources such as XHTML documents and images – Both text and images can act as hyperlinks – Created using the a (anchor) element: Attribute href specifies the location of a linked resource : href = “http://www.yahoo.com” Link to e-mail addresses: href = “mailto:deitel@deitel.com”
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Introduction to XHTML 19 links.html (1 of 2)
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Introduction to XHTML 20 contact.html (1 of 1)
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Introduction to XHTML 21 Malicious Link Manipulation Phishing: a link in an email leads to the spoofed websitelink spoofed website – Make the anchor text for a link appear to be validanchor text for a link www.paypal.com – Misspelled URL BR
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Introduction to XHTML 22 Images (1) Three most popular formats – Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) – Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) – Portable Network Graphics (PNG) – img element with attributes: src attribute : Specifies the location of the image file width and height attributes: Pixels (“picture elements”) alt attribute : the text will be displayed if the browser could not display the image.
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Introduction to XHTML 23 Images (2) Empty elements – Terminated by character / inside the closing right angle bracket ( > ), or by explicitly including the end tag – Example: br element: Line break – tag: Bold characters – Bold
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Introduction to XHTML 24 picture.html (1 of 1)
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Introduction to XHTML 25
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Introduction to XHTML 26 Image as Link Use an image as a link http://www.yahoo.com Image has no border <img src="home.png" width="125" height="26" alt="Go Home" border="0" />
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Introduction to XHTML 27 nav.html (1 of 2)
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Introduction to XHTML 28
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Introduction to XHTML 29 Internal Linking Enables the user to jump between locations in the same document – First, create an internal hyperlink destination by setting attribute id of an element – Second, create an internal link to this element. – Example: Bugs : Go to Bugs
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Introduction to XHTML 30 links.html (1 of 3)
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Introduction to XHTML 31 links.html (3 of 3)
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Introduction to XHTML 32 Creating and Using Image Maps (1) Designate certain areas of an image (called hotspots) as links – Element map Attribute id identifies the image map – Element img Attribute usemap refers the map by id. – Example:..
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Introduction to XHTML 33 Creating and Using Image Maps (2) Element area defines hotspot – Attribute shape and coords Specify the hotspot’s shape and coordinates Rectangular ( shape = “rect” ) Polygon ( shape = “poly” ) Circle ( shape = “circle” ) – Attribute href Specifies the link’s target. – Attribute alt Provides alternative text for the link.
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Introduction to XHTML 34 picture.html (1 of 3)
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Introduction to XHTML 35 picture.html (2 of 3)
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Introduction to XHTML 37 Unordered Lists Unordered list element ul – Creates a list in which each item begins with a bullet symbol (called a disc) – li (list item): Entry in an unordered list – Format:
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Introduction to XHTML 38 links2.html (1 of 2)
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Introduction to XHTML 39
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Introduction to XHTML 40 Nested and Ordered Lists Represent hierarchical relationships Ordered lists ( ol ) – Creates a list in which each item begins with a number – Format
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Introduction to XHTML 41 list.html (1 of 3)
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Introduction to XHTML 42 list.html (2 of 3)
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Introduction to XHTML 43 list.html (3 of 3)
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Introduction to XHTML 44
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Introduction to XHTML 45 Type of Ordered List Attribute type defines the type of list Available types: type=“A” type=“a” type=“I” type=“i” type=“1”
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Introduction to XHTML 46 Type of Unordered List Attribute type defines the type of list Available types: type=“disc” type=“square” type=“circle”
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Introduction to XHTML 47 Special Characters and More Line Breaks Character entity references: &code; Numeric character references (e.g. & ) – See Appendix A, (page 1429) – A complete list : A complete list http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization/dtd_module_defs.html : Strike-out text : Superscript text : Subscript text : Horizontal rule (horizontal line)
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Introduction to XHTML 48 contact2.html (1 of 2)
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Introduction to XHTML 49 contact2.html (2 of 2)
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Introduction to XHTML 50 W3C XHTML Validation Service (1) Validation service ( validator.w3.org ) – Checking a document’s syntax URL that specifies the location of the file Uploading a file to the site validator.w3.org/file-upload.html
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Introduction to XHTML 51 W3C XHTML Validation Service (2)
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Introduction to XHTML 52 Web Resources www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11 www.xhtml.org www.w3schools.com/xhtml/default.asp validator.w3.org hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/00/50/index2a.html wdvl.com/Authoring/Languages/XML/XHTML www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xhtml11-20010531
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Introduction to XHTML 53 Reference Reproduced from the PowerPoints for Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 3e by Deitel, Deitel and Goldberg © 2004. Reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.
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