1. Molecules to Metabolism II

2. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules of life  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

3. Nucleic Acids Uses: Hereditary material (DNA, RNA) ◦High Energy Source (ATP) ◦Cellular Messenger (cAMP) ◦Co-enzyme involved in production of ATP (NADH) ◦Structure: Made up of nucleotides (monomer)  Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)

4. Structure of a Nucleotide A single nucleotide looks like this

5. DNA Structure Two long strands of nucleotides then combine together to form something that looks like a twisting ladder (called a double helix)

6. DNA Structure There are 4 different bases 1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine4. Cytosine

7. DNA Structure Adenine only joins with Thymine Cytosine only joins with Guanine

8. DNA Structure The only thing that makes a living organism’s DNA unique is the sequence of bases in the chain

9. What is Metabolism? Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body There are two types of metabolic reactions:  Anabolic &  Catabolic

10. Anabolic Reactions Anabolic reactions build large molecules from smaller ones This usually requires (uses) energy Example: Photosynthesis ◦CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 ◦Source of Energy: Sunlight!

11. Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis Anabolic reactions often use a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis to link small molecules together This process takes H from one molecule and OH from the other forming a molecule of water

12. Catabolic Reactions Catabolic reactions break large molecules down into smaller ones They usually release energy Example: Cellular Respiration  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 H 2 O + CO 2 ◦Energy released is used to make ATP!

13. Hydrolysis Catabolic reactions use a process called hydrolysis to split large molecules into small ones H 2 O is used to “cut” the large molecule It is the exact opposite of condensation

14. Questions 1. What are the four most abundant elements in our bodies? 2. List the elements that make up ◦Carbohydrates ◦Lipids ◦Proteins ◦Nucleic acids 3.Draw a structural formula for Glucose 4.Draw a structural formula for an amino acid 5.Draw a structural formula for an adenine nucleotide 6.Draw a structural formula for an 8 carbon saturated fatty acid 7.Draw a structural formula for a 6 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid 8.Show how condensation links two amino acids together 9.Show how hydrolysis can split lactose into glucose and galactose

15. Other Stuff Be sure to read page 63 in your textbook about the synthesis of urea Falsification is a term used to describe the process of disproving an accepted theory What theory was falsified when Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea in a lab?